2024년 4분기 교육 연구에서의 시선추적 인사이트

In educational Virtual Reality (VR) environments, objects irrelevant to learning can lead to students' inattention, which adversely affects learning. However, removing these objects from virtual scenes is not feasible, as they are crucial for creating a realistic and immersive experience. Balancing the need to maintain students' attention while preserving the integrity of scenarios is a challenging task. In this paper, we introduce a gaze-contingent rendering (GCR) technique to address such an issue, which is independent of specific elements or configura...자세히 보기

• Tobii VR

Student-teacher interactions capture bystanders’ attention causing an emotional arousal that takes away the focus of attention form the assigned task. To assess attentional and emotional response to socio-emotional interactions within the classroom, student’s eye movement and dilatation were registered while investigating children’s environmental sensitivity. Primary school children’s pupil response (n = 95) while watching different interaction scenes were registered. Children self-reported on environmental sensitivity. Two mixed-effects regression model...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120

Digital picture-book (DPB) with animated elements can enhance children’s engagement, but irrelevant animations may interfere with their comprehension. To determine the effect of the relevance of animated elements on preschoolers’ comprehension, an experimental study was conducted. Thirty-three preschoolers between the aged 4-5 years engaged with DPB in three conditions: high- and low-relevant animations and a static control while listening to the story; their eye movements were recorded simultaneously. The study found that preschoolers had lower comprehe...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• Tobii Pro Studio

As studying electrical engineering is particularly challenging in the first semesters, approaches are constantly being sought to identify and subsequently solve students' problems. This is the reason why our students wore eye trackers while solving two tasks from the basics of electrical engineering. The idea is that the recorded data can help to provide students with targeted support. The recorded data was analyzed with regard to classical significant metrics concerning the correctness of the students' solutions. Significant metrics were identified. How...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2
• Tobii Pro Lab

To explore online user behavioral habits from the perspectives of cognitive efficiency and emotional experience, as well as to provide objective and quantitative physiological evidence for the design of intelligent online education platforms and the technological application of Education 4.0. In this paper, 45 subjects were selected and recruited using a combination of eye-tracking and questionnaires, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:2. The results show that: (1) Intelligent interaction modes significantly impact online users’ positive emotional arousal ...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro X2-60 / X2-30
• Tobii Pro Studio

Background: The aim of this study is to use an eye tracker to compare the understanding of three forms of implicitness (i.e., presupposition, conversational implicatures, and irony) in 139 pupils from the first to the fifth year of elementary school. Methods: The child was invited to read short texts composed of a context about some characters and a target sentence conveying one of the three kinds of implicitness. After that, there was a comprehension yes/no question to check whether the child had understood the implicit content of the target sentence. A...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• Tobii Pro Lab

The relevance effect refers to the influence that instructions have on readers’ attention and learning. The present study examined whether relevance influences elementary school students’ reading comprehension and cognitive engagement. To measure the latter, eye movements and postural sway were recorded in 42 French speaking students aged 9.3–11.6 years. Eye movements were recorded with infrared-based eye-tracking glasses, and postural sway with an infrared-based motion capture system. Children read two texts, one task-relevant and one task-irrelevant, a...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2
• Tobii Pro Lab
• Qualisys

Readers tend to allocate more cognitive resources to processing belief-consistent than belief-inconsistent information when reading multiple texts displaying discrepant views. This phenomenon, known as the text-belief consistency effect, results in individuals being more prone to making biased decisions and falling victim to manipulation and misinformation. This issue is gaining relevance due to the undeniably vast amount of information surrounding us. Hence, schools must ensure that students complete their education prepared to face this challenge. Howe...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Nano
• Tobii Pro Lab

Help-seeking is an active learning strategy tied to self-regulated learning (SRL), where learners seek assistance when facing challenges. They may seek help from teachers, peers, intelligent tu-tor systems, and more recently, generative artificial intelligence (AI). However, there is limited empirical research on how learners’ help-seeking process differs between generative AI and hu-man experts. To address this, we conducted a lab experiment with 38 university students tasked with essay writing and revising. The students were randomly divided into two g...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Nano

Previous research has demonstrated that quizzing can improve self‐regulation processes and learning performances. However, it remains unclear whether quizzes in multimedia material bring similar benefits, and whether interindividual differences such as working memory capacity (WMC) modulate quizzing effects.

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• Tobii Pro Lab

Graphical representations of data are common in many disciplines. Previous research has found that physics students appear to have better graph comprehension skills than students from social science disciplines, regardless of the task context. However, the graph comprehension skills of physics students have not yet been compared with (veterinary) medicine students, both of which are disciplines that require multiple science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) courses. This study extends previous research on this subject by exploring whether ...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Nano

Positive effects of study progress on the economic knowledge of bachelor students are evident and were often referred to as proof of the validity of tests in the context of a longitudinal analysis. However, differences between domain-specific (e.g., semester) or discipline-specific (e.g., attended courses) indicators of study progress on students’ solving the economics tasks are relevant for both diagnostic and instructional purposes, but have hardly been researched to date. In an eye tracking study, we therefore calculated the average fixation duration ...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro X3-120
• Tobii Pro Lab

English academic presentation (EAP) is an indispensable skill set of academic communication for university students. With the rapid development of desktop virtual reality (DVR), its application in language learning is worth exploring. The present study aimed to examine whether there is an improvement and difference in students' EAP by learning from the DVR with an in‐video pedagogical agent (PA) or an out‐of‐video PA. Adopting a between‐subject experimental design, a total of 64 students were randomly assigned to one of two group conditions depen...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2

Vision is one of the most important senses of human beings. Reasonable daylighting is a prerequisite for ensuring the visual health of college students, and it is even more necessary for the speed and accuracy of processing visual information. This study addresses the critical issue of identifying daylighting metrics threshold values for college classrooms to enhance students' visual comfort during desktop paper reading, visual health and efficiency in information processing. An overall methodology was explored, which integrated task performance indexes ...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2

Multimodal data enables us to capture the cognitive and affective states of students to provide a holistic understanding of learning processes in a wide variety of contexts. With the use of sensing technology, we can capture learners' states in near real-time and support learning. Moreover, multimodal data allows us to obtain early predictions of learning performance, and support learning in a timely manner. In this contribution, we utilise the notion of ‘carry forward effect’, an inferential and predictive modelling approach that utilises multimodal dat...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses
• Tobii Pro X3-120

This study investigates the impact of different animation styles on learning outcomes in physics, with a focus on explanations of the seasons. Using a combination of pre-post performance tests and eye tracking, we compared animations featuring a presenter with pure animations without a person in the frame. The sample consisted of students from a seminar for prospective physics teachers (N = 32, mean age = 23.9, SD = 5.7). The results indicate that while both formats achieved high learning success, the pure animation significantly outperformed the present...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• Tobii Pro Lab

To successfully learn using freely available (and non-curated) Internet resources, university students need to search for, critically evaluate and select online information, and verify sources (defined as Critical Online Reasoning, COR). Recent research indicates substantial deficits in COR skills among higher education students. To support students in learning how to critically use online information for their learning, it is necessary to better understand the strategies and practices that might elicit less critically-reflective judgments about online i...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro X3-120