2024년 2분기 심리학 및 신경과학 분야의 시선추적 인사이트

Multimodal emotion recognition research is gaining attention because of the emerging trend of integrating information from different sensory modalities to improve performance. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are considered objective indicators of emotions and provide precise insights despite their complex data collection. In contrast, eye movement signals are more susceptible to environmental and individual differences but offer convenient data collection. Conventional emotion recognition methods typically use separate models for different modalities,...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2

This research delves into the concept of color grading in film, focusing on how color influences the emotional response of the audience. The study commenced by recalling state-of-the-art works that process audio–video signals and associated emotions by machine learning. Then, assumptions of subjective tests for refining and validating an emotion model for assigning specific emotional labels to selected film excerpts were presented. The insights gained from these subjective evaluations facilitated the creation of a comprehensive database of movie excerpts...자세히 보기

The present research aimed to examine the effect of time pressure and reward-punishment pressure on attention control in two distinct processes: attentional engagement and attentional disengagement. Study 1 employed a dart-throw task to explore the effects of time pressure (Experiment 1) and reward-punishment pressure (Experiment 2) on attention control. The findings revealed that (a) time pressure did not significantly impact attentional engagement or attentional disengagement toward either task-relevant nor task-irrelevant targets; (b) reward/punishmen...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2

Introduction: The study aimed to investigate whether an exercise-induced pro-inflammatory response alters the perception as well as visual exploration of emotional body language in social interactions. Methods: In a within-subject design, 19 male, healthy adults aged between 19 and 33 years performed a downhill run for 45 min at 70% of their VO2max on a treadmill to induce maximal myokine blood elevations, leading to a pro-inflammatory status. Two control conditions were selected: a control run with no decline and a rest condition without physical exerci...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Nano

Visual imagery, or the mental simulation of visual information from memory, could serve as an effective control paradigm for a brain-computer interface (BCI) due to its ability to directly convey the user’s intention with many natural ways of envisioning an intended action. However, multiple initial investigations into using visual imagery as a BCI control strategies have been unable to fully evaluate the capabilities of true spontaneous visual mental imagery. One major limitation in these prior works is that the target image is typically displayed immed...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Nano
• Brain Products

Difficulty in social interaction is a key factor in the diagnostic criteria for autism. Although not fully understood, fluid human social interaction demands a complex exchange of verbal and non-verbal signals, which is disrupted in autistic individuals. Differences in gaze behavior, gross motor movement, and physiological responses related to arousal and attention have been observed repeatedly in autistic individuals, potentially impacting social interaction. Our prior work [1] uses a fully immersive virtual reality video game custom-designed to examine...자세히 보기

• Tobii VR

Yawning may serve as a cue that an individual is undergoing a downregulation of arousal and vigilance. Accordingly, the group vigilance theory posits that witnessing someone yawn should enhance the vigilance of the observer as a means of compensating for the reduced arousal and vigilance experienced by the yawner. This theory has gained empirical support from two recent studies, whereby exposure to yawning stimuli enhanced the detection of recurrent survival threats (e.g., snakes and lions) but did not alter the detection of comparable, nonthreatening st...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Spectrum

In a series of experiments involving beliefs and misinformation beliefs, we find that individuals who are prompted with a counterfactual mindset are significantly more likely to change their existing beliefs when presented with evidence that contradicts their beliefs. While research finds that beliefs that are considered part of one’s identity are highly resistant to change in the face of evidence that challenges these beliefs, four experiments provide evidence that counterfactual generation causes individuals to adjust beliefs and correct misinformation...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• Tobii Pro Studio

This study focuses on the environmental sensitivity of individuals, which measures the perception and processing of both positive and negative environments and stimuli. Individuals with high sensory processing sensitivity, a component of environmental sensitivity, are more prone to depression and stress. Although genetic testing and psychological indices measure environmental sensitivity, this study focused on behavioral indices. Previous studies have suggested that brain regions related to vision and attention are activated in people with high scores on...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro TX-300

Face detection and recognition play pivotal roles across various domains, spanning from personal authentication to forensic investigations, surveillance, entertainment, and social media. In our interconnected world, pinpointing an individual’s identity amidst millions remains a formidable challenge. While contemporary face recognition techniques now rival or even surpass human accuracy in critical scenarios like border identity control, they do so at the expense of poor explainability, leaving the underlying causes of errors largely unresolved. Moreover,...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• Tobii Pro Studio

The present study examined individual differences in levels of processing. Participants completed a cued recall task in which they made either rhyme or semantic judgements on pairs of items. Pupillary responses during encoding were recorded as a measure of the allocation of attentional effort and participants completed multiple measures of working and long-term memory. The results suggested levels of processing effect in both accuracy and pupillary responses with deeper levels of processing demonstrating higher accuracy and larger pupillary responses tha...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120

This case study explores the potential of integrating attentional bias modification training (ABMT) with mirror exposure therapy (MET), utilizing virtual reality and eye-tracking, for a 14-year-old girl diagnosed with anorexia nervosa (AN). The ABMT-MET intervention was used alongside a standard treatment program called Home Treatment (HoT), which combines cognitive behavioral therapy with family-based therapy. Though the patient began HoT with a 3-week inpatient phase, the ABMT-MET intervention specifically took place during the subsequent Home Treatmen...자세히 보기

• Tobii VR

Landscape colour influences people’s visual behaviour and preferences. Insufficient exploration has been conducted on people’s colour perception when walking through urban green spaces (UGSs) dominated by green in summer. This study used eye-tracking technology to explore the differences between the visual attention colour (VAC) and space colour (SC), and the effect of spatial form on VAC. Participants were asked to view six walking spaces in two UGSs in Nanjing, China. The results indicated that SC and VAC had correlations in hue variance (yellow), satu...자세히 보기

Although individual differences in adult language processing are well-documented, the neural basis of this variability remains largely unexplored. The current study addressed this gap in the literature by examining the relationship between resting state alpha activity and individual differences in auditory language comprehension. Alpha oscillations modulate cortical excitability, facilitating efficient information processing in the brain. While resting state alpha oscillations have been tied to individual differences in cognitive performance, their assoc...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120

Mental workload recognition is of great significance in preventing human errors and accidents. This study constructed a multimodal recognition scheme to recognize three mental workload states: underload, moderate load, and overload. Based on driving scenarios, these three states were induced in this study by changing the driving modes and situations. Multimodal recognition of underload, moderate load, and overload was performed using electroencephalography (EEG), electrocardiography (ECG), and pupillometry. In addition, various machine learning methods w...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2

Chronobiology studies physiological variations due to the time of day, an unexplored factor in design research. This paper explores the effect of time of day on designers' physiological responses in idea generation. Convergent (CT) and divergent (DT) thinking, as building blocks of designing, are explored using pupil dilation as a proxy for cognitive load. Time of day and educational background are explored for engineering and industrial designers. Results show a larger pupil diameter in the afternoon than in the morning, especially for DT, with higher v...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro X2-60 / X2-30

This research study aimed to evaluate the legibility of Arabic road signage using an eye-tracking approach within a virtual reality (VR) environment. The study was conducted in a controlled setting involving 20 participants who watched two videos using the HP Omnicept Reverb G2. The VR device recorded eye gazing details in addition to other physiological data of the participants, providing an overlay of heart rate, eye movement, and cognitive load, which in combination were used to determine the participants’ focus during the experiment. The data were pr...자세히 보기

• Tobii VR

This study explore how virtual influencer advertisements affect consumer response. Based on the SOR theory, an eyetracking experiment with 76 participants and a questionnaire survey with 298 participants were conducted to construct a moderated chain mediation model. The results show that emotional virtual influencers attract more advertisement attention and exert more positive impacts on consumer response than professional ones. Mind perception and parasocial interaction act as chain mediators, while the impact of parasocial interaction on unfamiliar pro...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Spectrum
• Tobii Pro Lab

Little is known about the influence of e-cigarette marketing features on the antecedents of e-cigarette use.

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• Tobii Pro Lab

This study explored how the features of consumer-generated images (CGIs) influence consumers' attention and purchase intention in both browsing and buying stages of online shopping, as well as the mediation of these effects. We consider the common features of image reviews (e.g. brightness, clarity, product displaying proportion and consistency) as heuristic cues evaluated by consumers. We posit that image brightness, clarity and product displaying proportion are product irrelevant cues associated with CGI attractiveness in the browsing stage, whereas pr...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120
• Tobii Pro Studio
• Tobii Pro Lab

Distracted biking can have serious repercussions for the rider such as accidents. The purpose of the present experiment was to determine the effect of visually monitoring two parameters, the cadence, and the heart rate on a bike computer fixed on a racing bike, and simultaneously detect hazardous traffic situations. Individuals (n = 20) were instructed to ride a racing bike that was fitted onto a roller trainer. After conducting a bicycle step test to assess the maximal heart rate (HFmax), participants were assigned to a within subject-design on a separa...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2

Previous studies have suggested behavioral patterns, such as visual attention and eye movements, relate to individual personality traits. However, these studies mainly focused on free visual tasks, and the impact of visual field restriction remains inadequately understood. The primary objective of this study is to elucidate the patterns of conscious eye movements induced by visual field restriction and to examine how these patterns relate to individual personality traits. Building on previous research, we aim to gain new insights through two behavioral e...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• Psychopy

This paper proposes machine learning methods for classifying visual attention. Eye-tracking data contains a range of useful information related to human visual behaviour. In particular, many recent studies have shown a relationship between visual attention and microsaccades, a type of fixational eye movement. In this study, eye movement and pupil diameter were measured under three controlled experimental conditions requiring different visual attention levels. Microsaccades were extracted from eye-tracking data that included rapid saccades. Various machin...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Spectrum

With the prominence of nutrition-related health issues worldwide, functional food is supposed to be an efficient way to address this challenge by achieving its nutrition and health benefits. However, whether consumers are willing to pay (WTP) for high-nutritional value foods of this kind and what is the role of consumers’ risk preferences in their WTPs are unclear. This study employs a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to investigate the effect of risk preferences on consumers’ preferences and WTPs for functional food, focusing on four attributes of dairy...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Fusion

The representation and recognition of icons play a crucial role in interface interaction efficiency and user experience within human–computer interaction. However, the intricate relationship between product icon types, feature types, and abstraction in cognitive contexts has yet to be clarified. This study aimed to delve into the cognitive mechanisms concerning practical and hedonic product icons across varying abstraction levels using EEG analysis. Moreover, it investigated how the explicitness and implicitness of these icons and their abstraction level...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro X2-60 / X2-30
• Tobii Pro Studio

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) significantly influences mood, comfort, and potentially overall health. However, its impact on visitors’ visual experience in museum design remains insufficiently explored. This study aims to investigate the effects of different CCT settings (3000 K, 4500 K, 6000 K) on visual comfort within a simulated museum space. Using 3D modeling and physiological recordings, 200 participants assessed visual comfort. Consistent findings support that a CCT of 4500 K provides the highest comfort level, aligning with the observed trend...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2

Mental load is a major cause of human-induced accidents. In this study, an explosive impact sensitivity experiment was used to induce mental load. A combination of subjective questionnaires and objective prospective time-distance tests were used to judge whether subjects experienced mental load. Four indicators, namely, β, γ, mean pupil diameter, and fixation time were selected by statistical analysis and PCA for the construction of a mental load assessment model. The study found that the occipital lobe was the most sensitive to mental load, especially β...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses
• Bitbrain

We examined the allocation of visual attention in an association task by both neurotypical participants (n = 11) and adults with fluent aphasia (n = 12).

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120
• Tobii Pro Studio

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are more prone to injury due to falls or collisions with objects. This may be caused by impaired perceptual–motor coordination, including inaccurate body-related spatial perception and insufficient anticipatory motor planning due to a detail-focused processing style. To investigate this hypothesis, an action-selection task was developed to create conditions likely to induce collisions with obstacles and to assess perceptual accuracy and predictive attentional properties for the action selection of subsequen...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2
• Tobii Pro Lab

Effectively assessing psychological resilience for medical students is vital for identifying at-risk individuals and developing tailored interventions. At present, few studies have combined physiological indexes of the human body and machine learning for psychological resilience assessment. This study presents a novel approach that employs pupil diameter features and machine learning to predict psychological resilience risk objectively. Firstly, we designed a stimulus paradigm (via auditory and visual stimuli) and collected pupil diameter data from parti...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2

Alexithymia is a clinically relevant personality construct characterized by difficulties identifying and communicating one’s emotions and externally oriented thinking. Alexithymia has been found to be related to poor emotion decoding and diminished attention to the eyes. The present eye tracking study investigated whether high levels of alexithymia are related to impairments in recognizing emotions in masked faces and reduced attentional preference for the eyes. An emotion recognition task with happy, fearful, disgusted, and neutral faces with face masks...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• Tobii Pro Lab

The present study examined Social Anxiety (SA) through the utilization of multiple measures and experimental paradigms. Participants were categorized using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (threshold: 30). The Facial Test assessed emotional facial recognition, and eye-tracking technology examined visual attention biases during emotion identification. The Social Cognitions Questionnaire was administered to investigate the relationship between biases and SA. Results revealed no gender-based differences in SA, but Asian participants scored significantly h...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Fusion

Cross-cultural research has elucidated many important differences between people from Western European and East Asian cultural backgrounds regarding how each group encodes and consolidates the contents of complex visual stimuli. While Western European groups typically demonstrate a perceptual bias towards centralised information, East Asian groups favour a perceptual bias towards background information. However, this research has largely focused on the perception of neutral cues and thus questions remain regarding cultural group differences in both the p...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• Psychtoolbox

Objective: Epilepsy patients often report memory deficits despite normal objective testing, suggesting that available measures are insensitive or that non-mnemonic factors are involved. The Visual Paired Comparison Task (VPCT) assesses novelty preference, the tendency to fixate on novel images rather than previously viewed items, requiring recognition memory for the “old” images. As novelty preference is a sensitive measure of hippocampal-dependent memory function, we predicted impaired VPCT performance in epilepsy patients compared to healthy controls. ...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro X2-60 / X2-30
• Tobii Pro Studio

Pupil size is a significant biosignal for human behavior monitoring and can reveal much underlying information. This study explored the effects of task load, task familiarity, and gaze position on pupil response during learning a visual tracking task. We hypothesized that pupil size would increase with task load, up to a certain level before decreasing, decrease with task familiarity, and increase more when focusing on areas preceding the target than other areas. Fifteen participants were recruited for an arrow tracking learning task with incremental tas...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Nano
• Tobii Pro Lab

This paper studies the behavioural processes involved in the decision-making process when detecting the genre of Wikipedia pages. We analysed qualitative data collected from a study of Wikipedia search behaviour to evaluate the importance of textual features in these decision-making processes. We discuss how and why genre should be included in current information models, including the decision-making processes. We redefine a literary document selection model to demonstrate the decision-making processes and by contrasting the document information elements...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120
• Tobii Pro Studio

This study employs a pre-post-test design to investigate the selective exposure behaviors while consuming news with low involvement. The experiment incorporates eye-tracking and self-report measures to explore participants’ preferences for attitude-consistent and attitude-inconsistent information. The results of the study indicate that attitude consistency does not serve as the primary determinant of selective exposure; instead, participants demonstrate a stronger inclination towards engaging with a smaller number of posts from a particular perspective. ...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120
• Tobii Pro Studio

The cortically-coupled target recognition system based on rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) has a wide range of applications in brain computer interface (BCI) fields such as medical and military. However, in the complex natural environment backgrounds, the identification of event-related potentials (ERP) of both small and similar objects that are quickly presented is a research challenge. Therefore, we designed corresponding experimental paradigms and proposed a multi-band task related components matching (MTRCM) method to improve the rapid cogniti...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Nano
• Brain Products

Altered nonverbal communication patterns especially with regard to gaze interactions are commonly reported for persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this study we investigate and differentiate for the first time the interplay of attention allocation, the establishment of shared focus (eye contact and joint attention) and the recognition of intentions in gaze interactions in adults with ASD compared to control persons. Participants interacted via gaze with a virtual character (VC), who they believed was controlled by another person. Participants...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro TX-300

Previous work has shown divergent pupil dilation (PD) and gaze behavior in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which may relate to the development of social difficulties in early life. Here, we investigated temporal dynamics of both phenotypes during naturalistic videos of a person displaying facial emotion expressions in 61 autistic and 61 non-autistic preschoolers. PD was segmented into three serial time components derived from a principal component analysis. Growth curve analysis was applied to analyze changes in looking time on eye and m...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• Psychtoolbox

The subjective encounter with architecture encompasses the particular presentation of architectural elements or the overall structure to individuals, taking into account their perception, cognition, and thought processes. The purpose of this research is to investigate the intricate relationship between visual attention directed towards historical architecture and the subjective experiences engendered during the process of observation. Utilizing eye-tracking technology within the realm of virtual reality, this study delves into the observation patterns ex...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Lab
• Tobii VR

Eye movement analysis is critical to studying human brain phenomena such as perception, cognition, and behavior. However, under uncontrolled real-world settings, the recorded gaze coordinates (commonly used to track eye movements) are typically noisy and make it difficult to track change in the state of each phenomenon precisely, primarily because the expected change is usually a slower transient process. This paper proposes an approach, Improved Naive Segmented linear regression (INSLR), which approximates the gaze coordinates with a piecewise linear fu...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro X3-120
• Tobii Pro TX-300

Using the “Don’t look” (DL) paradigm, wherein participants are asked not to look at a specific feature (i.e., eye, nose, and mouth), we previously documented that Easterners struggled to completely avoid fixating on the eyes and nose. Their underlying mechanisms for attractiveness may differ because the fixations on the eyes were triggered only reflexively, whereas fixations on the nose were consistently elicited. In this study, we predominantly focused on the nose, where the center-of-gravity (CoG) effect, which refers to a person’s tendency to look nea...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• Tobii Pro Studio

After stroke, patients can experience visual hypersensitivity, an increase in their sensitivity for visual stimuli as compared to their state prior to the stroke. Candidate behavioural mechanisms for these subjective symptoms are atypical bottom-up sensory processing and impaired selective attention, but empirical evidence is currently lacking. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between post-stroke visual hypersensitivity and sensory thresholds, sensory processing speed, and selective attention using computational modelling of...자세히 보기

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• Psychopy
• Titta