2025년 2분기 심리학 및 신경과학 분야의 시선추적 인사이트

Nudge has proven effective in promoting healthier eating, especially in academic environments. However, its application in vending machines has not been extensively studied yet, with existing studies focusing on choice and overlooking the emotional and cognitive responses to these interventions. Our research explored how visual and olfactory nudges (and a combination of both) can encourage healthier choices in university vending machines, and examined the related emotional and cognitive reactions, adopting a consumer neuroscience approach. It encompassed...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Tobii Pro Lab

Adapting to change is a fundamental feature of human learning, yet its developmental origins remain elusive. We developed an experimental and computational approach to track infants’ adaptive learning processes via pupil size, an indicator of tonic and phasic noradrenergic activity. We found that 8-month-old infants’ tonic pupil size mirrored trial-by-trial fluctuations in environmental volatility, while phasic pupil responses revealed that infants used this information to dynamically optimize their learning. This adaptive strategy resulted in successful...더 보기

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• Psychopy

Adapting behavior to environmental demands is a fundamental aspect of survival. In the face of unfamiliar potential dangers, organisms display a wide range of defensive mechanisms, such as using contextual information to prepare for upcoming threats and extrapolating from previous experiences with similar encounters (threat generalization). Importantly, these different types of threat-related information place distinct demands on the attentional system: potential, context-related threat induces a state of hypervigilance, whereas imminent, acute threat re...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Nano

Athletes often struggle to maintain attentional focus and performance consistency under pressure, particularly during high-stakes tasks like penalty kicks. This study examined the effects of brief mindfulness training on visual attention behaviors and penalty kick performance among university football players under non-pressure and pressure conditions. The study comprises two experiments: Experiment 1 was conducted in non-pressure conditions, whereas Experiment 2 involved pressure condition. Each experiment involved 40 participants, who were randomly ass...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3

The advancements in virtual reality (VR) technology have enabled immersive experiences that influence users’ temporal perception and psychological states. However, the specific mechanisms through which VR affects time perception and emotional regulation remain underexplored. This study aims to examine how evocative VR content influences time perception and whether these temporal distortions have subsequent effects on psychological comfort. Employing an experimental design, participants reported their perceived time distortion and emotional engagement acr...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2
• Tobii Pro Lab

Typical development shows early biases in face attention during infancy, characterized by face inversion effects and increased attention to the left side of the face. In autism spectrum disorder (ASD), face scanning patterns often differ, with reduced inversion effects and left-side biases. The current study examined inversion effects, side biases, and pupil responses in EL and TL infants at 7, 10, and 13 months using linear mixed modeling. TL infants showed greater looking to the left side of the face than EL infants both over the full trial duration an...더 보기

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120
• Tobii Pro Studio

Refining the classification of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) subtypes is essential for advancing personalized interventions strategies, given the substantial heterogeneity in phenotypic clinical symptoms among individuals with ASD. Thus, the current study integrated normative modeling, resting-state fMRI data, clinical assessment, and eye-gaze patterns to investigate potential ASD subtypes. By incorporating both static and instant dynamic (strength and variability) functional connectivity as predictive variables within the normative models, we aimed to ...더 보기

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• Tobii Pro Studio

Objective: Investigate whether patterns of heart rate variability (indexed via respiratory sinus arrhythmia) and visual attention at 12 to 18 months of age predict elevated ADHD symptoms, autism, or neither during the preschool period. Method: Ninety infants 12 to 18 months of age (M = 17.27, SD = 1.93; 36 females; 82.2% non-Hispanic) participated in a split-screen eye-tracking task of dynamic social and non-social moving objects. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia was derived from heart rate data collected at baseline and during the task condition. Between 24...더 보기

• Tobii Pro 1750 / 2150

Given the foundational nature of infant visual attention and potential cascading effects on later development, studies of individual variability in developmental trajectories in a normative sample are needed. We longitudinally tested newborns (N = 77) at 1–2 and 3–4 weeks, then again at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 14 months of age, assessing individual differences in their attention. Newborns viewed live stimuli (facial gesturing, rotating disk), one at a time, for 3 min each. Older infants viewed a 10‐s side‐by‐side social–nonsocial video (people talking, rotating d...더 보기

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• Tobii Pro Studio

Objective: This scoping review aimed to examine the application of eye-tracking technology in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), focusing on the scientific fields involved, methodologies employed, research goals, and outcomes related to its effectiveness. Method: Following PRISMA guidelines for Scoping Reviews, a total of 22 studies using eye-tracking with children diagnosed with ADHD were identified and analyzed. Data were extracted regarding study aims, methodological approaches, disciplinary origins, and key findings. Resul...더 보기

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120

Much research has considered how physical appearance affects the way people are judged, such as how body size affects judgements of attractiveness and health. Less research, however, has looked at visual attention during such judgements. We used eye-tracking to measure the gaze behaviour of 32 participants (29 female) on male and female computer-generated bodies of different body mass index (BMI). Independent variables were sex and BMI of the model, area of interest of the body, and the judgement made (attractiveness, healthiness, and youthfulness). Depe...더 보기

• Tobii Pro X2-60 / X2-30
• Tobii Pro Lab

With the rapid development of in-car information systems, entertainment has become a critical component of the user experience, particularly with advancements in autonomous driving technology. However, unstable in-car network environments often lead to initial loading and stuttering buffering issues, negatively affecting viewing experiences. Existing studies focus primarily on typical environments, leaving a gap in understanding video buffering impacts in in-car scenarios. This study investigates how informational prompts can mitigate negative emotions a...더 보기

Complexity metrics are widely used to estimate the difficulty of understanding process models. However, the relationship between these metrics and the concept of cognitive load, which captures the difficulty experienced by users, is not fully understood in the process modeling literature. In neighboring fields like Software Engineering, researchers could only to a limited degree establish a relationship between complexity metrics and users’ cognitive load. To investigate the extent to which such a relationship exists in the process modeling field, we con...더 보기

• Tobii Pro X3-120

Previous studies have demonstrated that rhythmic training positively affects children's attention and other cognitive functions. As an engaging format, games have been widely applied in the rehabilitation of developmental disorders and cognitive enhancement. Gamified rhythmic training can increase children's motivation to participate, facilitating long-term training and effective rehabilitation. In rhythm-based games aimed at improving children's attention, assessing attention levels is critical. By measuring and evaluating attention, tasks of appropriat...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Tobii Pro Lab

Touch is an extraordinary sensory, communicative, and affective experience that has cascading positive effects on infants’ socio‐emotional development and neurobiological functioning. This study aims to explore whether maternal touch can influence infants’ well‐known attentional biases toward fearful facial expressions. Visual behaviour of 7‐month‐old infants was measured through an eye‐tracker while they were presented with an overlap task in which a central emotional face (happy, neutral, and fearful) was followed by a peripheral distractor. During the...더 보기

• Tobii Pro X3-120
• Tobii Pro Studio
• Tobii Pro Lab

This research examines how the movements an interface requires of a consumer—that is, its “kinesthetic properties”—can alter what a consumer attends to when responding and, in turn, change the response itself. We compare the kinesthetic properties of two ubiquitous scale formats, slider and radio-button scales. Six studies (plus four in the Web Appendix) show dragging a slider (vs. clicking a radio button) elicits responses that are closer to the scale starting point. This effect occurs because the slider allows participants to engage with the scale as t...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Spark

Modern aviation operations demand pilots to process multi-source cockpit instrumentation, creating cognitive fragmentation that degrades situational awareness (SA) and increases mental workload. While conventional head-up displays (HUDs) partially address these challenges, their static symbology and high retrofitting costs limit effectiveness. Augmented Reality (AR) solutions face adoption barriers due to visual conflicts in head-mounted displays and prohibitive waveguide HUD costs. This study proposes a low-cost Projection-Enhanced HUD (PE-HUD) using re...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Tobii Pro Lab
• LSL

According to an analysis, the majority of banking users in 2024 prefer using mobile devices for transactions, as mobile banking offers greater immediacy and convenience than traditional online banking. However, attracting users and fostering loyalty remain critical challenges for banking brands. Previous studies suggest that anthropomorphic characters have the advantage of enabling consumers to engage emotionally. Incorporating anthropomorphic designs into mobile banking can address the emotional needs of Generation Z consumers. Moreover, the facial stru...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Nano
• Tobii Pro Lab

The growing popularity of short videos has prompted creators to focus on this engaging content format. Their brevity and fast-paced effectively capture viewers’ attention and encourage continuous scrolling. While some short videos include subtitles, others do not. This study aimed to examine the impact of subtitles on viewers’ emotional responses, visual behavior, physiological reactions, and content comprehension while watching short videos to provide practical recommendations for content creators. Thirty-two participants (average age: 21.8 years) were ...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Nano
• Tobii Pro Lab
• Shimmer GSR

This study focuses on two significant social trends: the increasing proportion of solo eaters and the widespread use of technological products. It targets Generation Z to explore the synesthetic effects between screens, visual stimuli, and taste experiences when dining alone. The research employs eye-tracking technology as the primary experimental and analytical tool, conducting two phases of experiments: a quantitative questionnaire and an eye-tracking sensory experiment. The study analyzes the differences and correlations in eye-tracking metrics, such ...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Nano
• Tobii Pro Lab

The human eye plays a crucial role in shaping social judgments; for instance, maintaining eye contact enhances social interactions and influences how others perceive us. At a more subtle level, the pupils also play an important role; recent research shows that pupil mimicry fosters trust. In our digitizing world, people frequently interact with virtual agents. Therefore, it is of crucial importance to investigate whether the positive effects of eye gaze and pupil mimicry generalize to virtual interactions. In the current study, we investigated whether ey...더 보기

• Tobii Pro X3-120
• Tobii Pro X2-60 / X2-30

The idea that highly anxious individuals have difficulty disengaging attention from threat is widely accepted, yet empirical support is limited. The term “difficulty” implies an involuntary delay in disengagement, but this has not been rigorously tested. Across three pre-registered experiments, we examined disengagement using different stimuli and protocols. Emotional and neutral images appeared at fixation, and healthy participants varying in self-reported anxiety were required to respond to a target elsewhere on the screen. Disengagement time was measu...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Spectrum

Humans primarily use vision to engage with and learn about the world. The hippocampus plays a crucial role in binding visual experiences of people, objects, and contexts over time to create event memories. Thus, eye tracking could potentially track hippocampal function in a precise and sensitive manner. Furthermore, eye tracking could potentially detect subjective memory decline reported by temporal lobe epilepsy patients that is missed by standardized cognitive testing. We asked whether eye movements could precisely and sensitively detect memory variabi...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Fusion

This study investigates whether autistic children exhibit differences in automatic gesture-speech integration (GSI) through an implicit measurement approach and clarifies the potential role of gesture semantic activation in this process. Twenty-one autistic children and 21 age-, verbal-intelligencer-, and nonverbal-intelligencer-matched neurotypical (NT) children participated in the study. (1) A semantic irrelevant task to assess whether autistic children can automatically integrate gestures and speech without requiring semantic processing; (2) a gesture...더 보기

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120
• Tobii Pro Lab

Objective To examine the effects of message framing and visualization framing on the comprehension of personal health records and subsequent self-care behavioral intention among young and middle-older aged adults. Materials and Methods A mixed design was employed with visualization framing (ie, black line graph, colored line graph, and colored area graph) and age (ie, young and middle-older aged adults) as between-group factors, and message framing (ie, gain and loss framing) as the within-group factor. Forty-eight participants were asked to comprehend ...더 보기

• Tobii Pro X3-120

The problem: wearable eye trackers deliver eye-tracking data on a scene video that is acquired by a camera affixed to the participant’s head. Analyzing and interpreting such head-centered data is difficult and laborious manual work. Automated methods to map eye-tracking data to a world-centered reference frame (e.g., screens and tabletops) are available. These methods usually make use of fiducial markers. However, such mapping methods may be difficult to implement, expensive, and eye tracker-specific. The solution: here we present gazeMapper, an open-sou...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2
• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• GlassesViewer

Large AI models, connected to terminal devices via high-speed mobile communication networks, enable task collaboration and resource sharing, forming an intelligent framework for the Symbiotic Internet of Things (SIoT) paradigm in industry applications. Despite large language models hold significant potential for psychological intervention, their emotional interaction capabilities remain limited. This paper introduces a SIoT framework for psychological intervention and proposes an emotion-enhanced human-machine interaction architecture incorporating behav...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Spark

In 3D immersive experiences, while users can explore freely, designers often aim for specific interactions and viewpoints. This study employs eye tracking to analyse how particle systems, a motion graphics technique for forming dynamic objects, affect attention in a 360° immersive experience. While visual factors like colour, size, and luminance influence attention, the role of motion properties, especially turbulence (unpredictability in particle movements, including variations in direction, speed, and flow), remains underexplored. By keeping other vari...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Lab
• Tobii VR

Eye‐tracking studies tested the understanding of two types of speech acts (questions and assertions) in 14‐, 18‐, and 30‐month‐olds (N = 280; 149 females; ethnicity data collection forbidden, testing in 2021–2024). Experiments involved objects either hidden or visible for a speaker. By 14 months, when the speaker asked questions, infants focused on hidden objects (rs > 0.31). Infants linked novel labels in interrogative sentences to hidden objects by 18 months and novel labels in declarative sentences to visible objects by 14 months (ds > 0.52). Th...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Spectrum
• Psychopy

Understanding how physical activity influences text processing and comprehension is essential for education, yet this area remains underexplored. This study aimed to determine differences in text processing and comprehension according to physical activity modalities and to establish the mediating role of diverse text processing between physical activity modalities and text comprehension. In this double-masked crossover trial, 32 adolescents were randomly assigned to a Sedentary Condition (SC), Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training (MICT), or Cooperative...더 보기

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• Tobii Pro Studio

Collaborative reading can facilitate students’ understanding of complex learning materials. High‐quality annotations provided by peer learners are essential for successful collaborative reading. However, it remains to be understood how annotation quality affects reading comprehension.

• Tobii Pro X3-120
• Tobii Pro Lab

Metaphor translation is a complex cognitive process. Previous studies have generally relied on traditional testing methods that primarily focus on completed translation works. The use of dynamic and procedural experimental methods for detection is still lacking. Going beyond previous studies, the current research utilizes eye-tracking and EEG technology to simultaneously record and analyze eye movement indicators and alpha band activity during the metaphor translation process. Eye movement indicators reflect cognitive effort in the context of source text...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2
• Tobii Pro Studio

Advances in AI/ML automation technologies have been accelerating innovations in human-computer interaction (HCI) to improve overall efficiency and productivity while reducing human effort, especially for complex analytics tasks. Analysts have been assessing these technologies’ impact using subjective and qualitative surveys, but there has not been a systemic tool that automatically measures efficacy as analysts accomplish their tasks. This paper introduces SENSE, which attempts to measure human performance, behavior, and cognitive states in an automated ...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• LSL

In this study, we utilize a concurrent mixed methods design to explore the attention patterns and processing strategies of young people as they evaluate socioscientific information on social media. We utilized the screen-based Tobii eye tracker to capture ten 8th and twenty 9th grade student's fixations while they evaluated if climate change information was believable or not. The students then completed a retrospective think aloud to explain their process. We find that it is possible to categorize young people's gaze patterns into heuristic and systemati...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Nano

Eye-tracking data offers valuable insights into cognitive and neurological functions but presents interpretation challenges. Traditional approaches rely on expert-driven feature engineering, while many existing deep learning methods often neglect the integration of spatial and temporal components. Our previous study indicates that the model can be biased duo to the sign (positive or negative) of the position data. To address those issues, this work aims to develop a spatial-temporal end-to-end framework for analyzing raw positional eye movements. We expl...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Spectrum

Human decision-making often straddles the boundary between deliberate analysis and unconscious, sometimes superstitious, beliefs. This research investigates how uncertainty, random outcomes, and perceived control foster "magical thinking." Central to the study is the Amulet Game, a deceptively simple two-box task programmed with three outcome scenarios (always win, always lose, random). Participants may purchase an "Amulet" before choosing a box, believing it influences whether the box contains a monetary reward. Across online tasks, laboratory sessions ...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Tobii Pro Spectrum

Gaze behavior provides key insights into cognitive processes such as attention, perception, and decision-making. Traditional eye-tracking metrics—such as fixation durations—capture meaningful patterns but overlook re-fixation dynamics, which signal shifts in gaze strategies. Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) detects such patterns but aggregates data across entire tasks, obscuring temporal variations. Sliding Window RQA (SWRQA) tracks recurrence over time, yet fixed window sizes struggle with short fixation sequences and long-span recurrences, limi...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Spectrum
• Tobii Pro Lab

Prediction is argued to be a key feature of human cognition, including in syntactic processing. Prediction error has been linked to dynamic changes in syntactic representations in theoretical models of language processing. This mechanism is termed error-based learning. Evidence from syntactic priming research supports error-based learning accounts; however, measuring prediction error itself has not been a research focus. Here we present a study exploring the use of pupillometry as a measure of prediction error during syntactic priming. We found a larger ...더 보기

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120
• Tobii Pro Lab

We introduce an intracranial EEG (iEEG) dataset collected as part of an adversarial collaboration between proponents of two theories of consciousness: Global Neuronal Workspace Theory and Integrated Information Theory. The data were recorded from 38 patients undergoing intracranial monitoring of epileptic seizures across three research centers using the same experimental protocol. Participants were presented with suprathreshold visual stimuli belonging to four different categories (faces, objects, letters, false fonts) in three orientations (front, left,...더 보기

• Psychtoolbox

This paper introduces a novel digital biomarker based on eye tracking data, the Conscious Perception Index (CPI), designed to measure conscious perception by leveraging established eye gaze metrics. The CPI builds upon foundational eye-tracking markers, including saccades and fixation statistics, coefficient K, and cognitive load, to provide a continuous, quantified computation of perceptual awareness in real time. To evaluate CPI's effectiveness, a change blindness study was conducted in a VR setting, allowing the analysis of conscious perception within...더 보기

• Tobii VR

Visual attention models aim to predict human gaze behavior, yet traditional saliency models and deep gaze prediction networks face limitations. Saliency models rely on handcrafted low-level visual features, often failing to capture human gaze dynamics, while deep learning-based gaze prediction models lack biological plausibility. Vision Transformers (ViTs), which use self-attention mechanisms, offer an alternative, but when trained with conventional supervised learning, their attention patterns tend to be dispersed and unfocused. This study demonstrates ...더 보기

• Tobii Pro X50

Objective This study examines the relationships between self-disgust, body dissatisfaction (BD), and attentional biases (AB) toward weight-related body areas, exploring whether self-disgust predicts attentional avoidance and moderates the relationship between BD and AB. Method Using virtual reality and eye-tracking technology, 78 female students viewed their virtual bodies in a mirror to assess gaze patterns as an indicator of attentional bias. Results BD was positively associated with both AB and self-disgust. Contrary to expectations, self-disgust co...더 보기

• Tobii VR

Picture books are commonly used as teaching materials for young children. There is a lack of understanding about how autistic children view picture books, raising the question of the type of picture books suitable for children on the autism spectrum. The current study aimed to investigate gaze characteristics of autistic children compared to non-autistic children when viewing animal- and human-based picture books using eye-tracking technology. Twelve pictures were selected from existing picture books (six animal-based, six human-based). Each picture was ...더 보기

• Tobii Pro TX-300

Although Mandarin is an S(ubject)V(erb)O(bject) language, other non-canonical sentences with the object marker ba are also possible, yet their comprehension in child Mandarin is underexplored. This study uses eye-tracking and the intermodal preferential looking paradigm, as well as the use of pseudo-verbs, to explore how 24 Mandarin infants (mean age: 17.5 months) and 48 adults process these structures. The results of our experiments show that both infants and adults looked longer at the target scenes for the three grammatical sentence types tested: SVO,...더 보기

• Tobii Pro X3-120
• Tobii Pro Studio

The brain’s arousal state (i.e., central arousal) is regulated by multiple neuromodulatory nuclei in the brainstem and significantly influences high-level cognitive processes. By exploiting the mechanistic connection between the locus coeruleus, a key regulator of central arousal, and pupil dynamics, we recently demonstrated that participants could gain volitional control over arousal-regulating centers including the locus coeruleus using a pupil-based biofeedback approach. Here, we test whether pupil-based biofeedback modulates electrophysiological mark...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Nano
• Tobii Pro TX-300
• Brain Products
• LSL
• Biopac

The aim of the present study was to examine the contribution of spinal and supraspinal processes to pain modulation by attention. It is hypothesized that pain inhibition by distraction is accompanied by reduced pain-evoked pupil dilation and cerebral activity, but no inhibition of the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR), while pain anticipation is expected to increase pain perception and pain-related responses. Twenty healthy volunteers received 90 painful stimuli in control, distraction (mental arithmetic), and anticipation (visual cue) conditions. Anticip...더 보기

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120
• LSL
• Biopac

Pupillometry has been used to assess effort in a variety of listening experiments. However, measuring listening effort during conversational interaction remains difficult as it requires a complex overlap of attention and effort directed to both listening and speech planning. This work introduces a method for measuring how the pupil responds consistently to turn-taking over the course of an entire conversation. Pupillary temporal response functions to the so-called conversational state changes are derived and analyzed for consistent differences that exist...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3

During a lesson, children must pay attention to relevant information while they also have to ignore distractors. This study investigated attention in 36 neurotypical children (M = 8.5 years; 19 female, 17 male; 36 White) during the lesson with lesson-related decorations, with unrelated decorations, and with empty walls. Overt attention was recorded via eye-tracking glasses. Postlesson learning was measured directly after the lesson and 1 week later. Children looked more to the lesson-related compared with lesson-unrelated decorations, and more to the tea...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2
• GlassesViewer

Objective: A wide range of non-motor symptoms such as pain, mood disorders, insomnia, and executive dysfunction may occur in focal dystonia. Little is known, however, about emotional processing. We aim to assess emotion recognition and alexithymia in patients with cervical dystonia (CD) compared to healthy age-, sex- and education-matched controls (HC). Methods: Emotion processing was assessed with an eye-tracking paradigm using a validated dataset of facial expressions and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). Dystonia severity and disability, cognit...더 보기

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• Tobii Pro Studio

Reactive joint attention (RJA) describes shared attention on a cued target. This key ability is attenuated in autistic compared to non-autistic preschoolers with low cognitive ability, and thus trained during early intervention. We evaluated the development of RJA in matched autistic preschoolers within a randomized controlled trial of the naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention A-FFIP (intervention [n = 32] versus early intervention-as-usual [EIAU, n = 28]), which is further compared to non-autistic preschoolers (n = 52). A screen-based eye-t...더 보기

• Tobii Pro TX-300

Children are vulnerable to disease, yet are poor at recognising and avoiding sickness. Thus, the current study aims to recruit 5‐ to 9‐year‐olds (anticipated 50% female, 60% White, 60% Hispanic/Latine) to test whether children's sickness perception is malleable and can be improved through training. We created developmentally appropriate stories and games for children, based on training methods that improve adults' sickness perception. We hypothesise that children randomly assigned to engage in the disease‐prime training will, like adults, display more ac...더 보기

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• Tobii Pro Studio

Little eye-tracking research has been conducted so far on the association of subtypes of childhood maltreatment and habitual emotion regulation with attention to emotions. To address this issue, gaze behavior of one hundred women with experiences of childhood maltreatment was examined in a free-viewing task in which pairs of faces consisting of an emotional (happy, surprised, angry, disgusted, fearful, and sad) and a neutral face were displayed. Participants’ childhood maltreatment experiences, emotion regulation strategies (reappraisal and suppression),...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• Psychopy

With the rising significance of visual marketing, differences in how tourists from various age groups visually engage with tourism promotional materials remain insufficiently studied. This study recruited 48 participants and used a quasi-experimental design combined with eye-tracking technology to examine visual attention, scan path patterns, and their relationship to reading performance among different age groups. Independent t-tests, correlation analyses, and Lag Sequential Analysis were conducted to compare the differences between the two groups. Resu...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2
• Tobii Pro Lab

Neurostimulation techniques, such as continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS), over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) have been associated with improvements in anxiety symptoms and emotion processing. The aim of this feasibility study was the evaluation of the effectiveness of cTBS over the right DLPFC combined with Attention Modification Training (AMT) on reducing levels of anxiety and attentional bias. A 40s-cTBS session (real or sham) over the right DLPFC was administrated at 8 treatment sessions over a 2-week period, and each cTBS treatment...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Nano
• OpenSesame

The neural compensation mechanism involves maintaining cognitive performance during sleep deprivation (SD) by triggering alternative neural activations. While cognitive task complexity modulates post‐SD neural activation, the role of SD duration remains uncertain. Thirty‐three healthy college students (16 male and 17 female) completed a 36‐h SD protocol, performing a switching task at baseline (pre‐SD), after 24 h of SD (SD‐24), and after 36 h of SD (SD‐36). Resting‐state EEG signals were recorded for 5 min at each SD stage and analysed using Standardise...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses
• LSL
• Psychopy

Humans evolved a behavioral immune system to avoid infectious disease, including the ability to detect sickness in faces. However, it is unclear whether the ability to recognize and avoid facial cues of disease is malleable, flexibly calibrated by experience. Thus, we experimentally tested whether we can improve adults’ (N = 133) lassitude (sick) face perception, measuring their recognition, avoidance, and visual attention to naturally sick and healthy faces. Participants randomly assigned to a training about disease, but not a control group, were better...더 보기

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• Tobii Pro Studio

Research indicates that attentional focus in interpreting facial expressions' emotions varies based on individuals' cultural backgrounds. Westerners tend to attend to both the eyes and mouth, while Easterners primarily focus on the eyes. However, it remained uncertain if these gaze patterns also depended on the cultural background of the facial expressor. In this investigation, 23 Japanese university students in Japan were shown facial expressions from German, Chinese, and Japanese individuals. Their emotion perception accuracy and gaze responses were me...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Nano
• Tobii Pro Lab

During the last 20 years, eye-tracking has become an important method for researchers in different fields like medicine, psychology, marketing, and even gaming. However, analysis tools are scarce. In this paper, we introduce our openly available software solution that can visualize saccadic eye-movement and calculate reaction times from saccadic paradigms, e.g. the antisaccade task. It further includes an error classification and processes the raw data into a trial-by-trial (target) output. Reaction times and error rates are typically estimated as perfor...더 보기

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• Psychtoolbox

Background Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition more prevalent in males, with sex differences emerging in both prevalence and core symptoms. However, most studies investigating behavioral and cognitive features of autism tend to include more male samples, leading to a male-biased understanding. The sex imbalance limits the specificity of these features, especially in female individuals with autism. Hence, it is necessary to explore sex-related differences in behavioral–cognitive traits linked to autism in the general population. Methods In this stud...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Spectrum
• Tobii Pro Lab
• LSL
• Psychtoolbox

Evidence suggests that natural environments capture attention effortlessly, but the mechanisms responsible for attention restoration are not fully understood. In this study, eye movements were recorded whilst participants rated 20 greyscale images (10 nature, 10 urban) shown in their original form and with low or mid-to-high spatial frequencies removed. Participants made fewer, longer fixations to nature scenes, unless mid-to-high spatial frequencies were removed and explored urban scenes more unless low spatial frequencies were removed. Nature scenes we...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Spectrum
• Tobii Pro Lab

Extensive research has demonstrated that facial occlusion significantly affects individuals’ emotion recognition abilities. However, whether facial occlusion exacerbate the difficulty in emotion recognition for deaf individuals remains elusive. This study employed eye-tracking technology to investigate the mechanisms underlying emotion perception in deaf individuals under different facial occlusion conditions. We compared the percentage of eye and mouth gaze fixation in deaf and hearing participants as they judged different emotions (positive, neutral, n...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Nano

Measuring preverbal vocabulary comprehension of young children is vital for early intervention and developmental evaluation, yet challenging due to their limited communication abilities. We introduce Lookee, an AI-powered vocabulary comprehension assessment tool through gaze tracking for toddlers in the preverbal stage. Lookee incorporates the Intermodal Preferential Looking Paradigm (IPLP), which is one of the prominent word comprehension measures for toddlers and estimates word comprehension through a random forest model analysis. We design and validat...더 보기

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120

Viewers of real-world scenes typically have knowledge about preceding events (“event knowledge”) and the relationships between objects (“object-scene knowledge”). We examined how these knowledge types interact to influence gaze. We recorded eye movements of 48 participants viewing sequences of film frames showing unfolding events. To manipulate event knowledge, we concluded each sequence with an identical “critical frame” that either naturally followed preceding frames or was unrelated. To represent object-scene knowledge, we calculated semantic similari...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Lab
• Psychtoolbox

Effective communication requires participants to recognize what knowledge is shared and what knowledge remains unique to each person. Although research has examined the developmental emergence of this communicative skill, it is unclear how children’s attention to shared knowledge is impacted by corrective feedback. Constraint-based models of language processing suggest that listeners simultaneously consider and weigh cues during language comprehension; however, it is unclear to what extent (and when) children use feedback from a communicative partner, re...더 보기

• Tobii Pro X3-120

Gaze following in infancy allows triadic social interactions and a comprehension of other individuals and their surroundings. Despite its importance for early development, its ontology is debated, with theories suggesting that gaze following is either a universal core capacity or an experience-dependent learned behavior. A critical test of these theories among 809 nine-month-olds from Africa (Uganda and Zimbabwe), Europe (Sweden), and Asia (Bhutan) demonstrated that infants follow gaze to a similar degree regardless of environmental factors such as cultu...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Nano
• Tobii Pro TX-300
• Tobii Pro Lab
• LSL
• Timestudio

One of the aspects affected in Alzheimer’s disease is language. The nature and manifestations of these difficulties are related to the way Alzheimer’s patients perceive and understand the world around them. In this research, the visual fixations of seven Alzheimer’s patients and their controls during tasks of perception of static and dynamic scenes (image and video, respectively) were analyzed. Similarly, a sample of language produced by the patients when narrating the dynamic event was analyzed. The results indicate significant differences in visual sea...더 보기

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• Tobii Pro Studio

Joint decision making in team interaction is key to successful healthcare. In such a context, the leader’s rejection of a colleague’s proposal could happen, which could be face-threatening (Brown and Levinson in Politeness: some universals in language usage. Cambridge University Press, 1987; Goffman in Psychiatry 18:213–231, 1955). This chapter multimodally analyses team interactions in emergency care simulation in two different sociocultural contexts, Japan and the UK, capturing the moment when a team leader rejects a member’s proposal of future actions...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2

Low social affiliation has been described as a phenotypic marker of antisocial behaviors by disrupting children’s initiation and enjoyment of positive physical and emotional connections with others. Laboratory studies have shown that, in early childhood, low social affiliation rates are preceded by lower attention to faces. In addition, while low social affiliation has also been associated with behavioral outcomes when accounting for parenting influences, the effect that parental environmental sensitivity may have on contributing to the link between emot...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Nano
• Tobii Pro Studio

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is a reflexive eye movement triggered by repetitive motion in the visual field, characterized by a slow phase tracking the motion and a fast phase resetting the eye position. Following OKN, optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN) occurs in darkness, decaying over time and reflecting vestibular function. While OKAN provides valuable insights into vestibular disorders such as uni- or bilateral vestibulopathy and persistent postural perceptual dizziness (PPPD), traditional assessments require large and complex setups, limiting clinica...더 보기

Engineering product design involves a variety of tasks and scenarios, including design modeling, design calculation, process planning, etc. When performing these design tasks, designers generate constantly shifting design intentions. Accurately recognizing these design intentions allows for a more thorough exploration of design processes from the perspective of cognition, facilitating the advancement of intelligent engineering design. Electroencephalogram (EEG) technology has emerged as an effective tool in recent years, which can provide direct insight ...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• LSL

Talent identification in sports requires a prediction of how athletes will perform in the future based on a sample of their behaviors. Perceptual cognitive-skills or ‘game sense’ in sports jargon is important for performance, yet sport organizations lack objective and validated measures to predict it. This study aimed to establish the degree to which subjective evaluations of athletes’ in-match perceptual-cognitive skills could be predicted by their performance on objective perceptual-cognitive tests. The perceptual-cognitive skills of 40 highly-trained ...더 보기

• Tobii Pro X3-120
• Tobii Pro Lab

This chapter explains eye movements during collaborative problem-solving. Collaborative problem-solving means resolving difficulties and working toward a goal during social collaboration with others. Social life is filled with collaborative problem-solving tasks, such as group work in schools or workplaces. Understanding behavioral signals is one important step in improving performance in collaborative problem-solving. We focus on eye movements as an example in this section. We show the analyses of eye movements related to social performance and discuss ...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• Tobii Pro Lab

This study investigates how novice translators distribute their cognitive resources during translation between English and Chinese in both directions, with particular attention paid to the role of translation direction and the divergence between empirical findings and participants’ introspective reports. A combination of eye-tracking and keystroke logging was used to quantify cognitive effort, incorporating participant variation, attention unit type (ST, TT, parallel), gaze event duration, and average pupil dilation. A Generalized Linear Model (GLM) was ...더 보기

• Tobii Pro TX-300

Recent research has underscored the rhythmic nature of visual perception, yet the connection between these perceptual rhythms, conscious awareness, and their underlying mechanisms remains largely elusive. This study employed a fine-grained temporal priming paradigm to investigate the oscillatory dynamics of face perception. In Experiment 1, we manipulated the awareness of prime stimuli to determine whether behavioral oscillations occur under both conscious and unconscious conditions. Our findings revealed significant theta-band oscillations in face perce...더 보기

• LSL
• Psychtoolbox

The transition from traditional flow television to streaming services has created a media landscape in which traditional news outlets are in intense competition with entertainment content. This paper argues for optimizing news for streaming through the affective structure of news narration. We compared flow TV news with a novel narrative structure, the Batman Affective Structure (BAS). The BAS strategically places an emotional peak at the news message's start and one at the end to enhance emotional impact and attention. In an experiment, six real news vi...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Lab

The existing psycholinguistic research suggests that verbs' implicit causality (IC) elicits two types of bias: a coreference bias, which favors re-mentioning the causally implicated entity of the event (she = Mary in Mary annoyed Lisa because she. ..), and a coherence bias, which leads speakers to expect an explanation in the upcoming discourse (Mary annoyed Lisa is continued with Mary sang loudly). Of these two biases, previous second-language (L2) studies have predominantly focused on coreference bias in contexts where an upcoming explanation is explic...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Spectrum
• Tobii Pro Lab

This study examines the influence of dynamic and verbal elements in logo design on consumer behaviour in the luxury retail sector using advanced neuroscience technology (Predict v.1.0) and traditional cognitive survey methods. AI-powered eye tracking (n = 255,000), EEG technology (n = 45,000), implicit testing (n = 9000), and memory testing (n = 7000) were used to predict human behaviour. Qualitative cognitive surveys (n = 297), saliency map analysis, and emotional response evaluation were employed to analyse three distinct logo designs. The results indi...더 보기

• Tobii Pro X2-60 / X2-30

Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a risk factor for posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) following trauma, and attentional biases for uncertainty stimuli (ABU) may be as well. Evidence suggests that better attentional control protects individuals who are vulnerable to several forms of psychopathology from developing such pathology. However, to our knowledge, the potential buffering effect of attentional control in relations between IU, ABU, and PTSS has yet to be examined. In the present study, 125 trauma-exposed undergraduate participants completed a b...더 보기

• Tobii Pro X2-60 / X2-30

In Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) research, the detailed study of blinks is crucial. They can be considered as noise, affecting the efficiency and accuracy of decoding users’ cognitive states and intentions, or as potential features, providing valuable insights into users’ behavior and interaction patterns. We introduce a large dataset capturing electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, eye-tracking, high-speed camera recordings, as well as subjects’ mental states and characteristics, to provide a multifactor analysis of eye-related movements. Four paradigms -...더 보기

• Tobii Pro TX-300

Background: Effort measurement is essential for adaptation to interactive learning technologies. Most contemporary technologies measure effort through the log data (reaction time and correctness). Some adaptive technologies use facial expressions and attention to adapt. Objectives: We present a novel, complementary, and multimodal definition of effort that can be used to adapt not only the content but also the interaction in learning technologies for children. Methods: We propose a 3D view of an effort measurement, that is, cognitive, physiological, an...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses

Emotional experience forms the core of the tourism experience, with visual and auditory senses serving as primary channels for such experiences. Despite their significance as key audio-visual stimuli, the impact of linguistic landscapes on visual attention and tourist emotions remains underexplored. Experiment 1, utilizing on-site video footage of cultural districts and eye-tracking technology, revealed a correlation–although not an equivalence–between visual attention and emotional experiences. Experiment 2 expanded upon this by gathering data from 165 ...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2
• Tobii Pro Spectrum
• Tobii Pro Lab
• Biopac

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a highly prevalent and debilitating affliction that typically manifests during childhood and adolescence. While theoretical models of adult SAD emphasize the role of attentional biases, little is known about maintaining factors during childhood and adolescence. The objective of our eye-tracking study was to determine whether youth with SAD exhibit a hypervigilance-avoidance pattern of visual attention for faces. To this end, we used a free-viewing paradigm to present angry, happy, and neutral faces, and non-social object ...더 보기

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• Tobii Pro Lab

Semantic congruency is a phenomenon by which a stimulus is perceived, semantically speaking, in a way that perception is close related to contents provided by other sources. This way, when an observer is looking at an image, its perception can be influenced by the semantic load of auditory stimuli, if their content is related to the meaning of the image. When it happens, the semantic congruency effect arises. This study was aimed at establishing the modulating effect that tones of voice can exert on the perception of an ambiguous image, wanting to vindic...더 보기

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of background music on text comprehension using eye-tracking technology. Ten Greek undergraduate students read four texts under the following four reading conditions: preferred music, non-preferred music, café noise, and in silence. Eye movements were tracked to assess visual patterns, while reading performance and attitudes were also evaluated. The results showed that fixation measures remained stable across conditions, suggesting that early visual processing is not significantly influenced by audit...더 보기

• Tobii Pro X2-60 / X2-30

We examined whether, in the absence of physical cues about a speaker’s visual perspective, 4- and 5-year-old children (N = 46) children would use their beliefs about the speaker’s knowledge state to guide real-time referential interpretation. Using a modified version of the visual world paradigm where a speaker provided referential instructions remotely from a different room from the child listener, children learned that some images on their display (i.e., items that appeared on top of blue cards) could not be seen on the speaker’s display (i.e., the spe...더 보기

• Tobii Pro X50
• Tobii ClearView