Eye tracking Insights in Q3 2025 Investigación en educación

The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of engineering students’ cognitive engagement and visual attention in undergraduate mathematics lessons. As a methodological approach, eye-tracking enables exploration of students’ engagement from an internal perspective, still infrequently exploited in educational research commonly relying on external observations. First, eye-tracking data from four students were used to code their engagement based on the Classroom Observation Protocol for Interactive Engagement in STEM. Then, students’ visual attenti...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Tobii Pro Lab

The ability to accurately interpret mathematical functions is crucial for understanding complex physical and mathematical concepts. Differentiating isothermal from adiabatic change of state in p−V diagrams respectively graphs of indirectly proportional functions from graphs of power functions in x−y diagrams presents a common challenge for students. This study examines the gaze behavior of 80 10th-grade students to identify the processing strategies they use when distinguishing these graphs of functions in mathematical and thermodynamic contexts. The clu...Mostrar más

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• Tobii Pro Lab

Technological advancements have made on-screen pedagogical agents (PAs) increasingly easy to implement. However, no consistent conclusion exists regarding how these PAs are presented in instructional videos, particularly concerning matching their voices and images. This study examined the influence of the consistency effect of PA’s voice-image matching on learners’ outcomes in video learning. We first created a set of four robot images for a pretest and recruited 163 college students to select their preferred robot image. The most selected image was chos...Mostrar más

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The increasing use of immersive 3-D technologies in education raises critical questions about their cognitive impact on learners. This systematic review evaluates how electroencephalography (EEG) and eye-tracking have been used to objectively measure cognitive load in 3-D learning environments. We conducted a comprehensive literature search (2009–2025) across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and ERIC, identifying 51 studies that used EEG or eye-tracking in experimental contexts involving stereoscopic or head-mounted 3-D technologies. Our finding...Mostrar más

In MOOCs, video lectures are widely used, yet how to design them effectively based on knowledge type remains underexplored. This study investigates learners' eye movement behaviours and conceptual knowledge acquisition while watching a six-minute video lecture. Twenty-six university students participated by viewing the video and completing a conceptual knowledge test. Eye-tracking technology was used to collect data on Pupil Research position, fixation time, and gaze paths, generating indices such as heat maps and viewing durations for areas of interest....Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X3-120
• Tobii Pro Studio

Eye Tracking technology (ET) has been increasingly used in educational research in recent years as it facilitates precise and non-invasive tracking of eye movements, providing valuable information about cognitive processes and visual behaviour. In terms of mathematics education research, ET has been employed in various fields and contexts to investigate students' thinking and learning process. This study entails a literature review of 64 articles focused on the integration of ET technology in mathematics education, published between 2020 up to February 2...Mostrar más

This study explores the impact of teachers’ webcam activation on students’ cognitive processes and learning outcomes within online education. It investigates how the presence of teachers’ webcams influences visual attention, cognitive load, and memory retention in an online classroom setting, emphasising the role of social presence in enhancing the online learning experience. A laboratory experiment involving 132 participants gathered data through neurophysiological measurements and surveys, with analysis conducted via Macro PROCESS for SPSS. Findings in...Mostrar más

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Professional noticing is a critical skill for teachers, enabling them to interpret and respond to significant moments in the classroom to support student learning. While recent theoretical papers have broadened the conceptualization of noticing to include social, embodied, and environmental factors, empirical research exploring the interaction of such domains is limited. To address this gap, the current study investigated the effects of perceptual (eye-tracking and presence) and cognitive (pedagogical content knowledge) factors on preservice teachers’ pr...Mostrar más

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This study used mobile eye tracking and stimulated recall interviews (SRIs) to investigate early childhood education (ECE) teachers' professional vision of language stimulating interactions (LSI). It focused on (1) teachers' noticing by investigating their distribution of attention across children, and (2) teachers' reasoning by thematically analysing SRIs. Results from eye-tracking data (n = 49) indicate that ECE teachers' attention is distributed unequally among children, with no significant influence of experience or prior professional development. Re...Mostrar más

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Viewing scientific learning videos with head-mounted displays (HMDs) can facilitate authentic experiences that may otherwise be impossible to access in the real world, thereby potentially improving the way science content can be learned and how science and scientists are perceived. The rise in popularity of these immersive learning videos has prompted a need for a more profound comprehension of their presentation and design concerning their impact on user experience and learning. This lab study investigates how the reception of scientific learning videos...Mostrar más

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In recent years, virtual venue technology has been increasingly adopted in higher education. While existing studies indicate that feedback strategies can promote deep learning among college students in virtual environments, the specific mechanisms underlying this effect remain poorly understood. This study investigates how peer feedback strategies influence deep learning processes within virtual learning environments. The study employed the ErgoLAB Environment Synchronous Cloud Platform V3.0 alongside questionnaire scales to collect multimodal data, incl...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• ErgoLab
• SDK

This study proposes an adaptive learning framework for Big Data courses that dynamically generates personalized learning pathways by integrating multimodal knowledge representation with reinforcement learning. Traditional learning systems often fail to account for individual differences in knowledge states, cognitive traits, and learning preferences, leading to suboptimal educational outcomes. The proposed method addresses this gap by constructing a Multimodal Knowledge Graph (MMKG) that unifies diverse learning resources, including text, code, and visua...Mostrar más

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Multimodal design in educational videos is a complex task, requiring the effective integration of various semiotic modalities to promote understanding among recipients. While superficially meeting proposed multimedia design principles, educational videos vary significantly in effectiveness. To explore this variation, the authors conducted a 2 × 2 experimental study with 45 students, examining the impact of instructor presence and dynamic vs static slide designs on eye gaze behaviour and learning outcome. Instructor presence was found to attract about 25 ...Mostrar más

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BackgroundMaladaptive behaviour is common in students with intellectual disability (ID). While executive functions (EFs) in typically developing children and adolescents are associated with maladaptive behaviour, there is currently contradictory and only fragmented empirical evidence on this association in students with ID. However, following impairments of EFs in this population, investigating this relationship could enhance the understanding of the development of maladaptive behaviour in students with ID.MethodThe sample consisted of 45 students with I...Mostrar más

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Background Engaging students in collaborative engineering design activities has become increasingly popular in the field of design education. Numerous studies suggest that exposure to peers’ ideas can inspire students and enhance their creativity. Aims This study investigates the impact of the timing of idea exposure on students’ design processes and creativity within a collaborative engineering design setting. Sample A total of 67 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: those exposed to a peer's idea before sharing their ...Mostrar más

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This study aims to identify learners’ behavioral characteristics by analyzing eye movements during multiple-choice questions (MCQs). Three types of MCQs were set to analyze eye movements: history, mathematics, and shopping. Each of the three types of questions has a different cognitive process. Regions of interest (AOIs) were set to examine eye movements during question-solving in different cognitive processes. From an analytical point of view, the AOIs were classified into questions and four multiple-choice areas. The questions were presented on PPT sli...Mostrar más

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This paper examines the integration of Eye-tracking technology with educational games in special education contexts, focusing on assessment and intervention applications. Through a literature review of recent research and implementations, the study analyzes how Eye-tracking technology enhances learning experiences and provides new forms of interaction for students with diverse needs. The research methodology involved analyzing papers from academic databases, categorizing them into five key themes: Eye-tracking as a tool to improve learning and training, ...Mostrar más

Background Teacher professional vision consists of two aspects, noticing and interpretation, and it can be investigated comprehensively by combining eye tracking and teacher reflection. Several studies have acknowledged the importance of authenticity in educational eye tracking research, but have not defined what is meant by this goal. When participant interviews are added into eye-tracking research, ensuring ecological validity becomes even more complex. Aims This methodological paper investigates how the aim of ecological validity is understood in gaze...Mostrar más

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The present study aims to improve understanding of how learners pay attention to the simultaneous presentation of text and multiple pictures in multimedia learning, focusing on the relationship between learners' reading strategies and learning performance. Specifically, we focused on multiple thematic maps because they should be compared to each other to understand the causal relationships. Thirty-six university students read fictitious geographic learning materials consisting of text and five thematic maps, and completed retention and comprehension test...Mostrar más

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This study investigated the effect of adding metacognitive prompts before a self-explanation task in video example learning using multimodal data collection techniques such as eye tracking, screen recording. The study also examined whether students’ prior knowledge played a moderating role. A total of 116 undergraduate and graduate students watched three video examples on chemistry topics and completed a self-explanation task in a computer-based learning environment. Participants were assigned randomly to one of two conditions: metacognitive prompts vers...Mostrar más

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The traditional English teaching mode has been finding it difficult to meet the training needs of compound English talents. This study builds a multimodal English teaching framework based on digital information technology, and creates an immersive language cognitive environment through virtual reality (VR) context reconstruction, artificial intelligence voice interaction system and big data-driven learning behavior analysis technology. The results show that: (1) the personalized learning path planning enabled by natural language processing (NLP) improves...Mostrar más

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The effects of executive function (EF) training on children’s analogical reasoning—particularly analogical strategy use—remain unclear. This study used a pretest–posttest–follow-up design to explore and compare the effects of working memory (WM) and inhibitory control (IC) training on analogical performance and strategy use in school‐age children. Fifty-nine children aged 8-10 were randomly allocated into WM training, IC training, and control groups. Children in the WM and IC training groups received adaptive training targeting multiple sub-components of...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120

Text comprehension is an important skill that a student can develop, and reading behaviours like skimming and scanning can provide deep insights into how comprehension unfolds in realtime. These behaviours can be examined through deliberate eye movements, which offer a unique lens for investigating reading processes. Yet, most studies rely on low-level eye gaze metrics, such as fixations, as proxies for reading that do not distinguish reading from other tasks like video watching. More precise operationalisations of reading behaviours can provide deeper i...Mostrar más

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Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenArtificial Intelligence) offers significant potential for machine translation and post-editing (MTPE), yet concerns remain about students’ over-reliance, which may hinder independent thinking and genuine learning. To address this, the study introduces a guidance-based GenArtificial Intelligence-assisted MTPE approach informed by previous research. This approach encourages students to articulate their initial thoughts before consulting GenArtificial Intelligence and to iteratively refine their translation based on Ge...Mostrar más

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BackgroundIn multimedia learning environments, pedagogical agents have emerged as an innovative tool to enhance digital instruction, yet optimising their design for maximal learning effectiveness remains underexplored.ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate how specific design elements of pedagogical agents, namely appearance and voice type, affect multimedia learning performance.MethodsA 2 (appearance: formal vs. informal) × 2 (voice type: human vs. engine‐generated voice) between‐subjects design was employed, incorporating eye‐tracking technology. A ...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X3-120

This study investigates how font size (FS) and line spacing (LS) in online educational apps affect children’s readability, reading speed, learning efficacy, and visual fatigue. A total of 161 children participated in eye-tracking and subjective evaluations. Using ANOVA and correlation analysis, the results show that FS 14px and LS 1.5 are optimal for learning. The study highlights key interface design principles for enhancing Human-Machine Interaction in children’s online education.

• Tobii Pro X3-120
• Tobii Pro Lab

Understanding geometric concepts is an important factor for coping with everyday life. This is also important for students with learning difficulties (LD)—students with significant and persistent difficulties in several school subjects, yet little is known about the understanding of geometric concepts of students with LD: The few previous studies have focused on their overall mathematical performance (usually looking at their products). This study focuses on the identification of triangles—an essential activity with respect to students’ understanding of ...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X3-120
• Tobii Pro Lab

The effectiveness of digital learning environments depends largely on the usability and accessibility of their visual components. Contrast levels in graphical interfaces play a key role in ensuring visibility, engagement, and a positive learning experience. However, not all educational details are equally noticeable to all users. A lower contrast, if strategically applied and visually striking, can still draw attention and enhance the perception of critical information. This technique is often used in video games, where selective emphasis on certain elem...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Spectrum

Although the “eye-mind link” hypothesis posits that eye movements provide a direct window into cognitive processing, linking eye movements to specific cognitions in real-world settings remains challenging. This challenge may arise because gaze metrics such as fixation duration, Pupil Research size, and Saccade Research amplitude are often aggregated across timelines that include heterogeneous events. To address this, we tested whether aggregating gaze parameters across participant-defined events could support the hypothesis that increased focal processin...Mostrar más

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