Eye tracking en psicología y neurociencia T4 2025

This study investigates how explanation scope affects users’ understanding, trust, and attitude toward a recommender system (RS), and how these effects are mediated by visual attention and moderated by explanation modality. Drawing on eye-tracking data, we conducted a 3 (explanation scope: local, global, joint) × 2 (modality: text-only, text with illustrations) between-subjects experiment, with a control group with no explanation (N = 277). Results showed that joint explanations outperformed no-explanation conditions across all outcomes. Structural equat...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Fusion

Climate communication plays a crucial role in motivating public engagement, yet its effectiveness can vary depending on how individuals process climate-related information. This study addresses the problem that people overestimate their knowledge about climate change, which may distort how they respond to communication efforts. The main aim of this research is to examine how overconfidence shapes the perception and evaluation of climate-related messages. To investigate this, an eye-tracking experiment with 98 participants was conducted, comparing respons...Mostrar más

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With the rapid advancement of virtual technologies, virtual field trip (VFT) has attracted increasing attention as an innovative pedagogical approach in contemporary education. However, empirical evidence on their effectiveness in promoting students’ competency development—particularly in the area of social-emotional competency (SEC)—remains scarce. To address this issue, this study employed a combination of self-report questionnaires and eye-tracking technology, using emotional scores and eye-movement data to investigate the effects of emotional engagem...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Fusion

Computer-based language assessment tasks are becoming more multimodal and integrated. This paper reports on a study on a computer-based listening-speaking integrated task which uses an animation video as a prompt to provide a virtual communication context that requires test takers to summarize what they have heard and offer a solution to a problem in a role-play contract negotiation task. The study aimed to investigate how animation video, a unique type of video and multimodal input, influenced test-taking processes, drawing on two sources of data: test ...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• Tobii Pro Studio

Results from recent studies have shown that infants down to six months of age remember complex dynamic events across a two-week retention interval. However, the earliest age at which such material can be remembered is unknown. To explore this gap, the present study examined infants' memory for complex dynamic events after a delay of two weeks in a visual paired-comparison design. We tested two age groups, a group of six-month-olds (N=37) and a group of four-month-olds (N=37). At T1 participants saw one of two animated movies with a simple narrative. At T...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120

BackgroundVirtual Reality (VR) Serious Games (SGs) can provide a functionally relevant framework to capture cognitive and motor dynamics. Their interactive and engaging nature improves compliance, measurement reliability and allows for more frequent evaluations. Additionally, VR SGs enable the parallel collection of multiple types of data within a single session. We present REAsmash-ET, an immersive VR adaptation of the REAsmash SG, grounded in Feature Integration Theory (FIT) and integrating eye-tracking (ET) and upper limb kinematic (UL) analyses. REAs...Mostrar más

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Cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) can improve impaired cognitive function in individuals with schizophrenia. Although previous studies suggest a relationship between eye movement (EM) and neurocognition, whether CRT can improve impaired EM and cognitive dysfunction remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify whether CRT improves impaired EM and top-down attention (TA) in individuals with schizophrenia. Changes in EM in a free-viewing task and reaction times as an index of TA in a visual search task pre- and post-CRT were compared between CR...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• Tobii Pro Studio

Excessive attention bias interferes with daily life and contributes to various psychiatric conditions. Previous studies have demonstrated that anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) can enhance attentional control and reduce negative emotional bias. However, little is known about the effects of transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) on attention bias. This study aimed to investigate whether tRNS reduces attention bias toward negative emotional stimuli compared to tDCS, for wh...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120
• Open Source Presentation

Due to the industry’s high-risk nature, construction workers often encounter hazardous conditions. Past studies have shown that recognizing near-miss incidents is crucial for minimizing injuries, yet predicting workers’ near-miss recognition performance remains a research gap. Therefore, this study aims to develop models using psychological factors (Big 5 personality traits), physiological measures (heart rate and electrodermal activity), and eye-tracking metrics (time to first fixation and fixation duration) to predict near-miss recognition. A total of ...Mostrar más

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Humans’ ability to recognize each other as seekers of information is crucial for effectively sharing knowledge, evaluating confidence, and reasoning about the role of knowledge in behavior. Here, we investigate the foundations of this ’epistemic sense’ through a series of looking-time experiments, asking whether 14-month-old human infants recognize and evaluate the information-directed goals behind others’ actions. In Experiments 1-3, we assess infants’ understanding of scenarios where an individual seeks information driven by uncertainty or curiosity ab...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120
• Open Source Presentation

Attention lapses occur when focus shifts away from the task at hand towards internal or external distractions and can lead to failures in completing intended actions. Goal-setting theory proposes that setting specific, difficult goals leads to better task performance over vague goals. The present study examined whether goal setting increased attentional effort and reduced attention lapses during a four-choice reaction time task. The control condition received the vague goal: “respond as quickly as possible while keeping your accuracy above 95%.” The goal...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro TX-300

During comprehension, various aspects of upcoming input can be anticipated. However, it is unclear to what extent listeners exploit suprasegmental information to facilitate lexical retrieval. In Japanese, a Kansai-dialect-specific pitch accent system and a sandhi rule create a situation where the final tone of certain modifiers is conditioned by the initial tone of the following noun, thereby making the upcoming tone predictable. Both Tokyo and Kansai speakers showed increased fixations on the target when its initial tone was predictable based on an all-...Mostrar más

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ABSTRACT Background Relational spatial reasoning is foundational to later mathematical and navigational competencies, yet little is known about the strategic processes preschoolers employ when integrating relational information. Eye‐tracking offers a means to capture these processes, but evidence remains limited, particularly regarding how brief instructional interventions shape children's visual strategies. Aims This study examined whether a short, strategy‐focused instructional intervention enhances preschoolers’ relational spatial reasoning and wheth...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• Tobii Pro Studio

BackgroundThis study examined whether individual differences in estradiol and sleep predict autonomic and cognitive responses to social-evaluative stress in healthy young women.MethodsForty-two healthy women underwent overnight in-laboratory sleep monitoring, followed by a social-evaluative stress task the next morning, which involved listening to a playback of their own karaoke singing. Pre-task estradiol levels were measured via blood sampling. Autonomic responses were assessed using Pupil Research dilation during the playback, while cognitive response...Mostrar más

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Pupil Researchlary responses are windows into human cognition, but their neural substrates are poorly understood. We studied brain-Pupil Research coupling through intracranial recordings and Pupil Researchlometry in 13 children and youth with epilepsy (ages 9-18) during an attentional set-shifting task. Time-resolved mixed-effects modelling identified associations between Pupil Research diameter, neural activity and cognitive performance. We first showed that Pupil Researchlary dynamics are closely linked to cognitive performance, with task-stage depende...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Nano
• SDK

Distance simultaneous interpreting is a typical example of technology-mediated interpreting, bridging participants (i.e., interpreters, audience, and speakers) in various events and conferences. This study explores how presentation mode affects cognitive load in DSI, utilizing eye-tracking sensor technology. A controlled experiment was conducted involving 36 participants, comprising 19 professional interpreters and 17 student interpreters, to assess the effects of presentation mode on their cognitive load during English-to-Chinese DSI. A Tobii Pro X3-120...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X3-120
• Tobii Pro Lab

The subtitling process remains an uncharted territory in audiovisual translation research, particularly regarding the impact of visual information on the subtitling effort across different translation experience levels. This study involved 30 participants, including 10 professional subtitlers, 10 translation students and 10 non-translation students. Eye tracking and keylogging were used to assess the temporal, technical, and cognitive effort in English – Chinese subtitling with and without visual information. Participants’ written translation and subtitl...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Spectrum
• Tobii Pro Lab
• Open Source Application

Eye tracking has become an increasingly important tool in cognitive and developmental research, providing insights into processes that are difficult to measure otherwise. The majority of eye-tracking studies rely on accurate identification of fixations and Saccade Researchs in raw data using event classification algorithms (sometimes called fixation filters). Subsequently, it is common to analyze whether fixations or Saccade Researchs fall into specific areas of interest (AOI). The choice of algorithms can significantly influence study outcomes, especial...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Spectrum
• Tobii Pro Lab
• Open Source Presentation

Changes in Pupil Research size can lead to apparent gaze shifts in data recorded with video-based eye trackers in the absence of physical eye rotation. This is known as the Pupil Research-size artifact (PSA). While the PSA is widely reported in desktop eye trackers, it is unknown whether and to what extent it occurs in head-mounted eye trackers. In this paper, we examined the effects of Pupil Research size variations on eye-tracking data quality in four head-mounted eye trackers: the Pupil Research Core, the Pupil Research Neon, the SMI ETG 2w, and the T...Mostrar más

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This research presents an innovative smart community interactive art therapy platform that integrates multimodal computer graphics with resilient artificial intelligence adaptation mechanisms to address the growing challenges of home-based elderly care. The platform employs a four-layered hierarchical architecture encompassing perception, network, platform, and application layers to deliver personalized therapeutic interventions. The system utilizes multimodal data fusion algorithms to process visual, auditory, and haptic inputs while implementing adapti...Mostrar más

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Intrasexual competition is when members of the same sex compete for access to desirable mates. In women, the use of non-physical strategies, such as verbal and indirect aggression, are often preferred to mitigate potential risks of being targeted or to prevent partner desertion. To act accordingly, women have to attend to cues, such as Facial Expression and Emotions, to be able to discern if an individual is a potential threat. The current study (N = 136) aimed at investigating the role of women’s intrasexual competition and rival derogation strategies i...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• Tobii Pro Lab

BACKGROUND: Apathy, defined as a significant reduction in self-initiated, goal-directed behaviors, is one of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric symptoms in Neurocognitive Disorders (NCD). Early and accurate detection is critical for implementing timely interventions. Clinicians and researchers emphasize the importance of using objective, quantifiable behavioral biomarkers to complement traditional clinical assessments. Eye-tracking techniques offer the potential to quantify exploratory behaviors, which could enhance the assessment of apathy. However, fe...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro TX-300

Mental health disorders, especially anxiety and depression, affect nearly one billion people worldwide, with chronic stress playing a major role in their onset and severity. Despite growing demand, access to care remains limited, underscoring the need for scalable, preventive interventions. This study investigates the feasibility, safety, and preliminary effects of a Home-Based transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (HB-tDCS) protocol targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC) to enhance stress resilience in healthy middle-aged adults. ...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Nano
• SDK
• VARs

Trauma prevalence is vast globally. Evidence-based digital treatments can help, but most require human guidance. Human guides provide tailored instructions and responsiveness to internal states, but limit scalability. Might generative Artificial Intelligence and neurotechnology provide a scalable alternative? Here we provide a first test of ANTIDOTE, combining Artificial Intelligence guidance and Pupil Researchlometry to automatically deliver and monitor the Imagery Competing Task Intervention (ICTI). ICTI is a digital intervention developed by our group...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Spark
• SDK

The Ganzfeld, that is, a homogeneous visual field known to induce peculiar perceptual experiences, has attracted interest from various fields over the past 9 decades. Beyond the fields of visual perception and consciousness, this multifaceted effect has garnered attention from a wider public due to its application in contemporary art by artists such as James Turrell. Until now, these art experiences have merely been described to elicit immersive experiences in the field of empirical aesthetics, with no empirical evidence. This study aimed to elucidate wh...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Tobii Pro Lab

Although the prenatal life is a critical period for brain development, very few studies have focused on prenatal exposure to air pollution in relation to infant cognition, and most studies have relied on carer-reported outcome assessment. We examined the association between prenatal exposure to air pollution and objective measurement of infant cognitive development using an eye-tracking methodology. The study was based on data from a subset of 168 mother-child pairs participating in the Barcelona Life Study Cohort (BiSC), Spain (2018-2023). Total exposur...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X3-120

As Artificial Intelligence-generated health information proliferates online and becomes increasingly indistinguishable from human-sourced information, it becomes critical to understand how people trust and label such content, especially when the information is inaccurate. We conducted two complementary studies: (1) a mixed-methods survey (N=142) employing a 2 (source: Human vs. LLM)2 (label: Human vs. Artificial Intelligence)3 (type: General, Symptom, Treatment) design, and (2) a within-subjects lab study (N=40) incorporating eye-tracking and physiologic...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• Tobii Pro Lab

Attention allocation is essential for multitasking, as it reflects the distribution of limited cognitive resources across tasks. Traditional eye-tracking metrics, such as fixation and glance ratios, provide limited insight into complex attentional processes. This study employed a comprehensive set of eye-tracking measures, including Pupil Research diameter, eye movement amplitude, velocity, and duration, to assess attentional dynamics. We designed a dual-task scenario with varied task difficulty, elicited different levels of attention allocation. Analysi...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Tobii Pro Lab

Learning traps are cycles of suboptimal decision making where a false belief about the structure of the environment leads to avoidance of rewarding options. Two experiments (N = 324) examined the role of selective attention in the emergence and prevention of learning traps. Participants learned to approach or avoid members of two categories that were associated with either gains or losses. A rule involving two visual feature dimensions predicted category membership, while a third dimension was irrelevant. Category feedback was provided only when an item ...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Spectrum
• SDK
• Open Source Presentation

Introduction: Color is a critical determinant of esthetic experience, shaping both immersion and cognitive responses. However, the extent to which the sequence of color exposure modulates the interplay between neural activation and ocular behavior remains insufficiently understood. Methods: Ten chromatic landscape paintings were collected and converted into achromatic versions, yielding a total of 20 visual stimuli. Participants were assigned to two conditions: Condition A (achromatic to chromatic) and Condition B (chromatic to achromatic). Visual attent...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Spectrum

In everyday vision, we often shift attention internally without external cues. These self-initiated attention shifts are fundamental to voluntary behavior but are poorly understood because most studies use cue-based paradigms that predetermine when and where to shift attention. To address this gap, we designed a multi-sequential-choice rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm with identical visual inputs to dissociate internal and external determinants of attention across three voluntary shift types: task-constrained self-initiated, externally in...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• SDK
• Open Source Presentation

In the present study, we examined oculomotor dynamics during the completion of three measures of attention control among a large sample of young adults (N = 388). First, we address the ongoing question regarding the coherence of attention control as a cognitive construct. Here, we find that attention control can be measured reliably and is correlated with yet distinct from working memory capacity. Then, we examined fixation stability prior to cue and stimulus onsets in the antiSaccade Research, psychomotor , and sustained attention to cue tasks. We hypot...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Fusion

The efficient and early detection of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a critical objective in improving diagnosis and intervention outcomes. Various methods based on functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and questionnaires have been explored, among which eye tracking is a promising approach. However, existing methods relying on eye tracking often restrict us to controlled environments, making things complicated and expensive. This study eliminates the requirement for specific parameters by concentrating just on eye movement data for ASD detection...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120

Background It has been posited that teachers' professional vision reflects their pedagogical competence and expertise; however, the empirical evidence supporting these claims remains inadequate to construct comprehensive research-based knowledge of teachers' professional vision as a background mechanism underpinning their classroom interactions. To develop high-quality classroom interactions that support student learning, we need insight into teachers’ professional vision behind their practices in classroom interactions. Aims This study explored the exte...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2

ABSTRACT A key to a leader's effectiveness lies in their ability to convey information about their traits and abilities to their followers by means of charismatic signaling. The traits followers might signal in turn have, however, not yet been observed. Focusing on one of the most salient and potent nonverbal behaviors and the most valued follower trait in the organizational context, we investigated the potential of eye‐directed gaze behavior to signal follower conscientiousness. Using mobile eye‐tracking we unobtrusively measured participants' gaze beha...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2
• Tobii Pro Lab

Much research has been done on the comprehension and development of enterprise process models. In this paper, we follow up on work done previously by others on the effect of ambiguities on model comprehension. Ambiguities might lead to multiple alternative process interpretations by the readers of process models.In this paper, we will present research on techniques for collecting biometric data to investigate how we work with visual process models, some of which include lexical or visual ambiguities. We report an experiment with data from 26 persons as t...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X3-120

This study examined how social factors such as parental mental state language, sibling presence, and preschool attendance influence their expectations of fairness in 18-month-old toddlers. Fifty-four toddlers participated in a nonverbal fairness task and a picture-description task with their caregivers. We also collected questionnaire data concerning the presence of siblings and preschool attendance. The fairness task involved an animated scenario with a mouse distributing bananas to monkeys, measuring the infants' attention to equal and unequal outcomes...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120

BACKGROUND AND Artificial IntelligenceMS: This study examined preschool-aged children's attention to text in video, and whether it may be related to their developing orthographic knowledge. SAMPLE 1: Study 1 showed 66 children videos that included text. Method Children's attention to the video was measured using eye-tracking, and their recognition of orthographic patterns within the video was tested after viewing. Results During viewing, children attended to the text 6% of the time it was available. However, children who both had pre-existing letter know...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120
• Tobii Pro Studio

Word segmentation is crucial for reading in unspaced languages like Tibetan, where readers rely on high-level cues like morpheme positional frequency (the statistical likelihood of a morpheme appearing at the beginning or end of a word). Using a novel word learning paradigm, this study investigated whether initial and final morpheme positional frequency facilitate word segmentation and lexical recognition in Tibetan. In two eye-tracking experiments, participants read sentences containing novel words manipulated for initial (Experiment 1) or final (Experi...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X3-120
• Tobii Pro Lab

Human social life is dependent on the ability of individuals to understand other people as separate cognitive agents, capable of thought independent from themselves. This understanding and the attribution of mental states to others, often called Theory of Mind (ToM), is a naturally developing ability. Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) seem to experience difficulty in attributing mental states to others, and this may explain impaired social interaction and communication behaviors. The Frith-Happé animations are short videos designed to test ...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120
• SDK
• Open Source Presentation

When we retrieve memories of past navigational episodes, our brain reactivates cortical representations of the spatial information experienced along the way. Although navigation is temporally dynamic in nature, previous studies on cortical memory reactivation have mostly focused on single items or their associated contexts. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether sequential reactivation of navigational events can be measured from cortical electrophysiological activity and is influenced by factors such as age or the availability of spatial cues. Pa...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• SDK
• Open Source Presentation

BACKGROUND: Error-related potential (ErrP) reflects the inconsistency between internal expectation and external feedback outcome. Despite the exploration of numerous experimental paradigms, ErrP components exhibit distinct latency and amplitude across different paradigms. However, previous studies have not quantitatively correlated potential influencing factors with this ErrP variability. Additionally, these qualitatively analyzed factors offer limited predictions for ErrP in new paradigms.NEW METHOD: We proposed that a neutral condition removing goal-di...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro TX-300

While a z-path is intrinsically part of how typically formatted text is read, it is less clear that this same approach is used when reading comics. Previous evidence for the z-path is limited to self-reported preferences from readers. The main aim of this paper was to objectively confirm that readers do use a z-path when navigating a comic book page by using eye-tracking technology. We examined the eye-movement behaviour of 90 participants when reading a textless page from the comic Watchmen. Participants were a mix of novice and expert comic book reader...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X2-60 / X2-30
• Tobii Pro Studio

Digital pictures of cultural artefacts are increasingly accessible and reused in everyday life. Does this visual exposure underlie the impression of “what our artefacts look like”, and does it have implications for the formation of national identity? Through two mixed-method studies, we demonstrated that even without external interpretation, young Chinese lay participants (mainly university students) could spontaneously categorise digital artefact visuals into in-group/out-group. The self-reported “stereotypes” consisted of both objective and perceptual ...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120
• Tobii Pro Studio
• Open Source Presentation

Although gaze information is important for human interactions, recent studies show that in natural exchanges, mutual face-to-face looks occur relatively infrequently, on less than 15% of interaction time. In the present study, we conducted two dyadic interaction experiments utilizing dual mobile eye-tracking eyeglasses to examine if the prevalence of mutual face-to-face looks may be affected by interactive context. In Experiment 1, we strengthened the interactive context by measuring looking behaviours in dyads of friends. In Experiment 2, we weakened th...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Glasses
• Tobii Pro Lab
• VARs

Recent breakthroughs in machine learning, artificial intelligence, and the emergence of large datasets have made the integration of eye tracking increasingly feasible not only in computing but also in many other disciplines to accelerate innovation and scientific discovery. These transformative changes often depend on intelligently analyzing and interpreting gaze data, which demand a substantial technical background. Overcoming these technical barriers has remained an obstacle to the broader adoption of eye tracking technologies in certain communities. I...Mostrar más

• SDK
• Open Source Presentation
• Open Source Application

One of the most reliable early predictors of autism is atypical social attention, particularly attenuated eye gaze contact. As a part of the InFoR cohort, a multicentric French longitudinal study, 88 autistic participants and 56 participants without autism performed a gaze discrimination task using 28 static pictures of faces with either direct or averted gaze. We monitored eye fixation behavior during face picture observation and analyzed subsequent key-press responses. The eyes of faces with direct gaze attracted more fixations than those of faces with...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• SDK

Predictive control enables humans to anticipate future events by combining sensory feedback with internal models. In interception tasks, such mechanisms could allow the visual system to estimate future target positions, supporting timely and accurate motor responses. Here, we investigated predictive gaze behavior in a visuomotor task where participants used a joystick to intercept a moving target that rebounded within a circular arena. Eye movements were classified into fixations, smooth pursuit, and Saccade Researchs using a velocity-based method. The a...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Spark
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Artificial IntelligenceM: Growth faltering and loss of development potential are common in low- and middle-income countries. We aimed to study whether linear growth before and after 2 years, height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) from 1 month until 13 years and morbidity during the first 3 years predict adolescent cognitive ability.METHODS: Cognitive assessment was done between 2018 and 2019 using Raven's coloured progressive matrices (N = 997), a measure of inductive reasoning and eye-tracking measures of saccadic speed (N = 760) and saccadic control (N = 618) am...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X2-60 / X2-30

In natural, free-viewing settings, visual perception is driven by a series of Saccade Researchs and fixations. Perceptual mechanisms are typically studied through averaged fixation-related potentials generated from simultaneous eye-tracking and EEG recordings. Lambda responses following fixation onsets signal the arrival of new visual input to the primary visual cortex. In our study, we investigate the use and preprocessing parameter dependence of independent component analysis (ICA) in separating the lambda response from other neural sources. In our exp...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• Tobii Pro Lab

PurposeAtypical visual exploration is widely reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), yet little is known about how chromatic properties modulate oculomotor behaviour. This study aims to address this problem.MethodsWe recorded eye movements from 34 children with ASD (6–16 y) and 40 age-matched typically developing (TD) peers while they viewed six picture sets that independently manipulated hue, luminance and saturation. Nine eye-movement metrics were extracted per task and analysed with mixed-effects ANOVAs; false-discovery-rate control (q = .05) and ...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Nano
• SDK
• Open Source Presentation

The widespread use of remote meetings enabled collaborative work without being co-located. However, remote meetings require participants to engage in multiple tasks simultaneously, such as browsing the document, texting in chat, and taking notes. These multitasking environments make it difficult to recognize who is about to speak or when to speak, which can lead to speech contention or awkward silence. To address this issue, we analyzed gaze behavior during three meeting conditions, in-person, audio, and video meetings, and two multitasking tasks, docume...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Tobii Pro Lab

There is an age-related positivity effect in attention to emotional faces. However, all of these studies have relied on computer tasks where people are directed to look at faces on a screen. The primary aim of this study was to test whether the age-related positivity effect to emotional faces emerges under more naturalistic settings. The secondary aim was to test whether an own-age bias exists in attention to emotional faces and whether task ecological validity moderates any observed effect. Younger and older adults completed a naturalistic positivity ef...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Tobii Pro Lab

Research has shown that infants are curious and actively seek situations from which they can learn. For instance, a recent eye-tracking study demonstrates that babies tend to allocate their attention to stimuli that offer opportunities for learning new information. Interestingly, however, the degree to which attention is guided by information gain varies among individual infants. This longitudinal study provides the first empirical evidence suggesting that these early individual differences in infants' sensitivity to information gain are linked to later ...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro TX-300

The cognitive mechanisms and benefits of active learning in early child development are poorly understood. The current study investigated 20-23-month-old infants' curiosity-driven information selection in a novel word learning task, designed to identify potential advantage for active learning over passive learning. In a gaze-contingent eye-tracking paradigm, infants in one condition were given the opportunity to structure their own information seeking to actively create word learning opportunities for themselves, while infants in two other conditions eng...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Spectrum
• SDK
• Open Source Presentation

Acute stress triggers a cascade of physiological and psychological changes, including heightened perspiration, cortisol levels, and anxiety. Currently, little is known about the effects of acute stress on the quality of higher-order decision-making, with existing studies unable to disentangle decision-making capacity from subjective preferences. To address this gap, we conducted a within-participants laboratory experiment in which university students (n = 42) made objective decisions of varying complexity (computational hardness) under both acutely stres...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120
• Tobii Pro Lab

Listening effort reflects the cognitive and motivational resources allocated to speech comprehension, particularly under challenging conditions. Visual cues are known to enhance speech perception, potentially by reducing the cognitive demands of the task. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying this facilitation, especially in terms of effort-related changes, remain unclear. In this study, we combined Pupil Researchlometry and electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate how visual speech cues modulate cognitive effort during speech recognit...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Spectrum
• SDK
• Open Source Presentation

Background: Visual search supports action planning and target selection in daily life. Despite toileting being frequent yet high-risk in rehabilitation, gaze analyses specific to toileting remain limited. This study quantified visual search behavior during the approach phase of toileting. Methods: Twenty inpatients aged 65 years or older in a convalescent rehabilitation ward participated in the study. At the time of hospital admission, their gaze behavior from toilet room entry to arrival at the bowl was recorded using an eye tracker (Tobii Pro Glasses 2...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2
• Tobii Pro Lab

Traditional handwriting analysis for neurological assessment captures motor output but largely misses the guiding cognitive processes like visuospatial planning and attention. This study introduces a multimodal approach, combining online handwriting kinematics with concurrent eye-tracking data from 48 older adults performing the Pentagon Copy Test (PCT). We extracted novel feature sets, including Hand-Eye Coupling (HEC) and Fractional Derivative (FD) biomarkers, and used an XGBoost classifier with Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) to predict a binarize...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3

Abstract Media messages shape our knowledge about the world, but measuring individual exposure and attention remains challenging. Emerging media offer a solution to studying message reception in simulated real-world environments, which may soon become the actual media environments in which we encounter messages. Here, we utilized virtual reality (VR) and eye-tracking to investigate message processing in a realistic virtual city environment populated with billboards. We introduced an inception-style manipulation where billboards initially overlooked by pa...Mostrar más

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ABSTRACT This study presents the design and implementation of an educational assistive system tailored for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), leveraging eye‐tracking technology and machine learning algorithms. The objective is to support communication and learning experiences through ocular gaze and fixation‐based keyboard selection. An existing collection of scanpath images obtained from 15 children with ASD was utilized, and a customized heterogeneous dataset was developed by extracting fixation and gaze‐related features using machine lea...Mostrar más

Autistic children experience atypical patterns of spoken language acquisition, yet the mechanisms underlying these differences remain poorly understood. In typical development, spoken language acquisition is gated by statistical learning abilities (the ability to detect patterns) and social attention (preferential engagement with social vs. non-social stimuli). The potential role of these mechanisms in the spoken language atypicalities seen in autism are under-researched, partly due to the methodological barriers when assessing children with minimal spok...Mostrar más

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Relational memory retrieval entails a dynamic interplay between eye movements and neural activity, yet the temporal coordination of these processes remains unclear. We examined how theta- and alpha-band EEG activity relates to sequential fixations during relational memory retrieval. Participants performed a two-alternative forced-choice associative memory task while eye movements and EEG were recorded simultaneously. Retrieval was marked by a relational eye-movement effect: correctly remembered target elements were fixated disproportionately during the l...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Spectrum
• SDK
• Open Source Presentation
• Open Source Application

The aim of the present study is to investigate the use of glosses as a means to involve the learners’ whole language repertoire in the L3 learning process, resulting in the activation of languages that imply different levels of cognitive effort ( Boers, 2022 ). Proficient participants in L2 English were assigned to three experimental groups, each exposed to a version of an Italian TL graded reader, with glosses requiring a growing amount of cognitive engagement: (a) English glosses; (b) Italian glosses; (c) glosses in a romance language (Portuguese), unk...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Nano

Artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence) technology empowers businesses to bypass designers and create brand logos directly through Artificial Intelligence tools. We focus on the effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence-generated logos in brand communication when Artificial Intelligence acts as an autonomous designer. Relevant research on visual attention has demonstrated the beneficial impact of innovation and relevance on brand communication. However, the combined impact of innovation and relevance on users’ sustained attention in Artificial I...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Nano
• Tobii Pro Lab

Delayed echolalia, or the repetition of previously heard speech, is often observed in the expressive language of autistic children. Relatively little is known about how the production of delayed echolalia fits within the overall picture of autistic children's language ability, including receptive language. To date, no empirical studies have tested autistic children's comprehension of individual words within their delayed echoes. The present study aimed to establish proof-of-concept for a novel method of examining children's comprehension of individual wo...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X2-60 / X2-30

Background/Objectives: This study's objective was to analyze the reading ability in patients with intermittent exotropia using an eye tracker and determine how the clinical characteristics of intermittent exotropia may affect reading ability. Methods: We compared the reading speed (LPS; letters per second) of 25 intermittent exotropia patients to 25 age-matched normal controls who were 13 years old or older with best-corrected visual acuities of ≥20/25. Correlations between reading ability and clinical characteristics of intermittent exotropia were evalu...Mostrar más

Abstract Easy Language (EL) presents information in a simplified way and benefits people who have difficulty understanding standard language. The present study evaluates the effects of visual support inclusion, as it is a recurring recommendation in EL guidelines. We examined 52 adults (23 men and 29 women; mean age of 39.9; 26 with intellectual disabilities [ID], 26 neurotypical) in a mixed design study. They read EL texts that presented either no visual support, photographs or illustrations. Their eye movements were recorded, and they answered comprehe...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120

Background: Classical Chinese gardens are renowned for their multisensory designs and are widely recognized for their potential to promote emotional well-being. The Humble Administrator's Garden was utilized in this study to assess how the multisensory integration embedded in its design influences psychological and physiological restoration.Methods: As a pilot study, a multi-modal quantitative approach compared participants' responses to the garden under two conditions: a real-world multisensory environment (Condition A) and a visual VR experience using ...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Tobii Pro Lab

Olfactory stimulation can alleviate passive task-related fatigue (PTR), but its mechanism and influencing factors are still unclear. This study used a controlled experimental design to explore the effect of mint odor on driving fatigue by comparing the driving fatigue induction stage (monotonous driving) with the awakening stage (olfactory intervention). The experiment controlled the stimulation duration (1 min vs. 8 min), traffic flow (low vs. high), and concentration (low, medium, and high), and combined subjective scales, heart rate variability (HRV),...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Tobii Pro Lab
• VARs

The growing prevalence of virtual multimedia learning environments raises questions about how instructional complexity and environmental interference jointly shape learning. This study examines the independent and interactive effects of instructional design complexity (IDC) and pop-up notification interference (PNI) on attention allocation and information retention. IDC was manipulated through instructional design, using streamlined layouts with concise text (low complexity) versus fragmented layouts with redundant on-screen text and background audio (hi...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• Tobii Pro Lab

Background: Understanding the cognitive mechanisms and decision-making processes involved in aesthetic judgement of visual art has become a growing focus in recent research. While eye movements have been strongly associated with impression evaluations, the underlying processes linking gaze behaviour and aesthetic experience remain underexplored. Recent discourse suggests that compositional strategies in artworks may guide viewers' gaze and support narrative understanding.Objective: We hypothesised that the more closely a viewer's gaze follows the artist'...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• SDK

Individuals with aphasia (IWA) often exhibit challenges in single-word oral reading as well as in reading comprehension. Recently, eye-tracking technology has become instrumental in delving deeper into reading behaviors. Specifically, it has illuminated the differences in word reading and comprehension abilities among English speakers who have aphasia. However, there is a noticeable scarcity of research focusing on these aspects among Chinese IWA. This study aimed to compare single-word oral reading (regular, irregular, pseudowords) and comprehension abi...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Spectrum
• Tobii Pro Lab
• Open Source Presentation

A Ganzfeld is a homogeneous visual field, devoid of focal points. Such a stimulus has been used by researchers to study perceptual phenomena in the absence of changes in sensory structure. Others have used it to study altered states of consciousness (ASCs). Until now, these different facets have been studied separately with little attention for the emotional subjective experience. This study aimed to elucidate the perceptual, phenomenal, and emotional experience of the multifaceted Ganzfeld using a multi-method approach combining behavioral (eye-tracking...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Tobii Pro Lab

Objective: Attention allocation to angry facial stimuli has been described as an early marker of aggressive behavior in children. While parental practices are known to moderate associations between child neurocognitive reactivity and aggression, little is known about whether similarities or mismatches in parent–child gaze to anger cues contribute to aggression. Guided by the biosocial model of development, this study examined main and interactive effects of children’s callous–unemotional traits, social affiliation, and gaze to angry facial features, alon...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Nano
• Tobii Pro Lab

Processing task-relevant visual information is important for meveryday tasks. Prior work demonstrated that older adults are more susceptible to distraction by salient task-irrelevant stimuli, leading to less efficient visual search. However, these studies often used simple stimuli, and less is known about how ageing influences visual attention in environments more representative of real-world complexity. Here, we test the hypothesis that ageing impacts how the visual complexity of the environment influences visual search. Young and older adults completed...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Lab
• Tobii VR

Accurate perception of visual motion is crucial for daily activities and develops rapidly from infancy to childhood. High-density electroencephalogram (EEG) was utilized longitudinally to study brain responses to structured optic flow and random visual motion in 10 full-term and 10 preterm children at 4 months, 12 months, and 6 years. Visual evoked potential (VEP) analysis showed improved sensitivity to structured optic flow in full-term infants by the end of the first year, indicating effective use of structured information, whereas preterm children sho...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X50

BACKGROUND: Preterm birth involves structural brain changes and increases the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, including social cognitive dysfunction as implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it remains unclear whether or how volumetric brain changes may impact the risk of social cognitive dysfunction in toddlers of preterm birth.METHODS: We curated data of 569 toddlers approximately 18 months of age, including 76 with preterm (PB) and 493 with term (TB) birth, from the developing Human Connectome Project. We processed the imaging da...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro TX-300

Questions about early word knowledge pervade the literature on both typical and atypical language trajectories. To determine which words an infant knows, researchers have relied on two types of measures-caregiver-report and eye-gaze behavior. When these measures are compared, however, their results frequently fail to converge, making it difficult to ascertain whether a given infant knows a given set of words. What are the reasons for these misalignments in gold-standard tasks that are designed to investigate the same underlying construct, and can converg...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120

Visual exploration during everyday tasks reveals attentional processes and offers promising avenues for clinical assessment. In this study, we examined whether the spatial attention bias induced by the presence of a mobile phone during a routine activity, eating dinner, can be effectively captured using wearable sensors that record gaze and body orientation. In a within-subject design, participants ate spaghetti while their mobile phone was either absent or placed on the left or right side of their tray. Our analyses focused on deviations in gaze and bod...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• LSL
• SDK
• Open Source Presentation

Encouraging environmentally sustainable lifestyles demands a deeper understanding of the processes underlying pro-environmental decision-making. This study investigates the role of environmental attitudes and attentional processes using eye-tracking technology during a decision-making task that involves real trade-offs between personal financial rewards and environmental consequences. We found partial evidence that stronger environmental attitudes – derived from the Campbell paradigm, but not from biospheric values – predicted an attentional prioritizati...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Spark
• SDK

Focus is a core component of information structure that highlights the most prominent element in a sentence. While pitch and duration are well-established prosodic markers of focus in Mandarin Chinese, the role of word length has received less attention. Due to historical developments, mMandarin words exhibit elastic length, appearing in both monosyllabic and disyllabic forms. In modern Chinese, however, there is a strong prosodic preference for disyllabic words as the minimal prosodic unit. This study tested whether using monosyllabic verbs in focus pos...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro TX-300

With the expanding range of uses for advancements in animation and voice synthesis, more opportunities arise for interactions with animated virtual humans. Such interactions may be influenced by improved portrayals of character features such as emotion and realism. The present study aimed to examine how variations in animated facial detail and vocal prosody shape user perception of emotion in virtual characters. This impact was assessed via facial electromyography and eye-tracking measures, as well as self-reports of state empathy and character appeal. R...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Spectrum
• SDK

This article explores the use of personalized headnotes (PHNs) to enhance the viewing experience of English-speaking audiences watching subtitled Chinese comedies. Based on personalization and relevance theory, this study employs eye-tracking, questionnaires, and interviews to assess the impact of PHNs on audience reception. Findings suggest that while PHNs enhance comprehension of cultural references, their effect on humor appreciation varies with individual preferences and viewing goals. This indicates the need for a tailored integration of subtitles a...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120
• Tobii Pro Lab

The visual system continuously generates predictions to guide behavior, yet how visuomotor adaptation relates to sensory detection and motor variability remains unclear. We addressed this question using joystick-based tasks: a visuomotor interception task with angular or speed perturbations, a sensory detection task, and a no-feedback motor variability task. Participants showed robust within-task responses, with angular discrepancies engaging both external (target-based) and self-referential control, while speed discrepancies primarily involved self-refe...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• SDK

In daily interaction with horses, humans primarily rely on Facial Expression and Emotion as a non-verbal equine cue for emotional information. Difficulties in correctly recognizing these signals might arise due to the species-specificity of facial cues, possibly leading to diminished equine welfare and health. This study aimed to explore human visual search patterns when assessing equine Facial Expression and Emotions indicative of various pain levels, utilizing eye-tracking technology. Hundred and eight individuals (N = 108), classified into three group...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Glasses
• Tobii Pro Lab

Sleep deprivation rapidly disrupts cognitive function and in the long term contributes to neurological disease. Why sleep deprivation has such profound effects on cognition is not well understood. Here we use simultaneous fast fMRI–EEG to test how sleep deprivation modulates cognitive, neural and fluid dynamics in the human brain. We demonstrate that attentional failures during wakefulness after sleep deprivation are tightly orchestrated in a series of brain–body changes, including neuronal shifts, pupil constriction and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow pu...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• SDK
• VARs

AbstractWhile dark mode—bright text on a dark background—is increasingly popular, concerns about its impact on visual performance are growing. Grounded in cognitive psychology and theories of visual attention, this study examined whether contrast polarity (positive polarity: dark text on a bright background, or “light mode”; negative polarity: bright text on a dark background, or “dark mode”) influences visual search performance and distractor suppression. Participants completed a letter search task under both polarity conditions, with task-irrelevant fa...Mostrar más

• SDK

Human social interactions involve both conscious behaviors, such as speech and gestures, and automatic responses regulated by dopaminergic and noradrenergic neural networks, including pupil dilation and blinking. Dysfunctions in dopamine and noradrenaline activity, common in ADHD, impair automatic social processes such as physiological synchrony and anticipation, leading to broader difficulties in social cognition and interpersonal relationships. Shifting the lens from overt behaviors to automatic processes that lie at the core of social interaction, the...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro TX-300

With the advancement of Artificial Intelligence Generated Content (AIGC) technology, digital human representations are increasingly appearing in multimedia interactions. This trend is particularly prominent in news broadcasting. The uniformity of news anchors' appearances and broadcasting environments has facilitated the widespread adoption of AI-powered news anchors. With high accuracy in news reporting and advancements in technology, AI anchors have been increasingly implemented in various news programs. However, there is currently a lack of objective ...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Fusion

Introduction: Childhood obesity not only impairs physical health but also adversely affects executive function. Although aerobic exercise and dietary interventions can improve cognition, traditional assessment methods are inadequate for capturing real-time brain activity. Moreover, there is a lack of research utilizing deep learning to analyze the electroencephalogram (EEG) for investigating the neural mechanisms underlying executive function in children with obesity. Methods: This study enrolled 100 students (50 in the obese group, 50 in the normal-weig...Mostrar más

• Tobii VR
• SDK

INTRODUCTION: Alexithymia refers to difficulties in experiencing and expressing emotions, differentiating them from bodily sensations, restricted imagination, and externally oriented thinking. Mood and affective symptoms are often confounded with alexithymia due to the typical assessment through self-report. Performance measures may allow a more objective assessment of alexithymia. The goal of this study was to identify unique or shared performance-based features during emotional face processing.METHODS: A total of 171 students provided data on alexithym...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• SDK

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the visual search characteristics and strategies of expert rhythmic gymnasts during apparatus throw-and-catch tasks under different apparatus types and difficulty levels, in order to provide theoretical support for optimizing routine choreography and designing effective visual training programs.Methods: Fifteen rhythmic gymnasts at or above the national first-class level were recruited. Tobii Pro Glasses 3 wearable eye tracker was used to collect eye movement data during four throw-and-catch tasks of varying dif...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Tobii Pro Lab

As Artificial Intelligence‐generated content (Artificial IntelligenceGC) becomes increasingly prevalent across digital platforms, understanding its impact on users' trust and attitudes toward this new technology is crucial. Using an experimental design, we examined how the presence or absence of disclosing the use of Artificial Intelligence in content generation influences user engagement with Artificial Intelligence‐generated images and videos on social media platforms. Our experiment recruited 64 individuals (N control group =31, N experiment group =33...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Tobii Pro Lab

Inspiration plays a crucial role in both design activities and design education. This study conceptualizes “ancient cultural heritage” as “cultural inspiration“(CI) and categorizes it into two types: “abstract inspiration” (AbI) and “concrete inspiration“(CoI). The research aims to examine the significant role of different types of cultural inspiration in cultural product design activities. Through an exploratory experiment, design students were tasked with drawing inspiration from the features of ancient cultural heritage, generating as mdesign ideas as...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• ErgoLab

This study investigates users’ identification of virtual influencers in social media. A mixed‐method study consisting of an eye‐tracking experiment and an interview with 60 participants was conducted. The results show that users can identify VIs with moderate accuracy. Users have relatively comprehensive but insufficient identification criteria and complex attitudes toward VIs. These findings suggest implications for Artificial Intelligence literacy education.

• Tobii Pro Fusion

Real-world navigation depends on coordinated head–eye behaviour that standard tests of visual function miss. We investigated how visual impairment affects traffic navigation, whether behaviour differs by visual impairment type, and whether this functional grouping better explains performance than WHO categorisation. Using a virtual reality (VR) headset with integrated head and eye tracking, we evaluated detection of moving cars and safe road-crossing opportunities in 40 patients with central, peripheral, or combined visual impairment and 19 controls. Onl...Mostrar más

• Tobii VR

PurposeAutism is a prevalent childhood neurodevelopmental condition with a high hereditary likelihood, and it manifests as a clinical syndrome with varying impairments in language and social behavior as well as the existence of constrictive interests and repetitive behaviors. It is essential for both early diagnosis and intervention to comprehend how autistic people behave visually when exposed to human Facial Expression and Emotions and emotions. The purpose of this study is to investigate how autistic individuals visually respond to human Facial Expres...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120
• Tobii Pro Studio

Studies linking childhood adversity with risk for psychopathology suggest a threat-related information processing bias in those exposed. We combined frequency-tagging electroencephalography (EEG) and eye-tracking to assess automatic and implicit Facial Expression and Emotion processing in youth aged 16–24 years with childhood adversity and emerging psychiatric symptoms (N = 52) as compared to healthy controls (N = 47). Neural discrimination of angry or happy faces from neutral faces was assessed via an EEG oddball paradigm. Neural responses and preferent...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X3-120

Studies linking childhood adversity with risk for psychopathology suggest a threat-related information processing bias in those exposed. We combined frequency-tagging electroencephalography (EEG) and eye-tracking to assess automatic and implicit Facial Expression and Emotion processing in youth aged 16–24 years with childhood adversity and emerging psychiatric symptoms (N = 52) as compared to healthy controls (N = 47). Neural discrimination of angry or happy faces from neutral faces was assessed via an EEG oddball paradigm. Neural responses and preferent...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X3-120

From the preverbal period, infants can distinguish different informants in social interactions and adjust their engagement accordingly. Yet little is known about whether these informant-based adaptations take shape during infants’ initial knowledge acquisition, before their manifestation in behaviours. To address this question, we conducted two gaze-contingent experiments to examine how infants organize their learning process according to the identities of informants in social interactions. In each experiment, infants were randomly assigned to learn two ...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Spectrum
• Tobii Pro Lab

Background: Green spaces have been identified as beneficial for children's mental health, as well as cognitive performance, however, less is known about the role of biodiversity within these environments. Here, we study the impact of greening schoolyards, especially with regard to biodiversity enrichment, on children's behavior, emotion recognition, cognitive performance and mental effort, and attentional bias, compared to observations in control schools.Methods: This study employs an interventional design, including two intervention and two control scho...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Nano
• Tobii Pro Lab

Virtual Reality (VR) technologies provide interactive experiences capable of evoking a wide spectrum of emotional responses from users. However, there is a notable scarcity of VR-based multimodal emotional response datasets designed to enhance the accuracy of emotionally immersive film and television productions. To address this gap, we conducted a study to develop a comprehensive, multimodal, annotated dataset capturing users’ affective, physiological, and behavioral responses to 360° panoramic videos in immersive VR environment. Our dataset specificall...Mostrar más

• Tobii VR

PurposeThe goal of this study was to evaluate eye-tracking screening for ASD among 585 typically developing toddlers 7 to 48 months of age in vulnerable districts of São Paulo.MethodsEye-tracking assessment was done with children in the participating community nurseries on Joint Attention, composed of the Initiation Joint Attention (IJA) and Responding to Joint Attention (RJA). All parents responded to the questionnaire on the educational level and socioeconomic family status (SES). Children received ratings on the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) by...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• Tobii Pro Lab

Visual expertise occurs in professional domains where comprehension of visual material is central to performance, such as in forensic analysis. Despite the prominence of apprenticeship in various visual domains, the didactic strategies employed by visual experts to scaffold novices during one-on-one interactions remain insufficiently explored. This multiple case study introduces a data-driven approach to capturing and coding expert-novice pairs’ interaction based on joint visual attention (JVA). Three registered forensic experts (>10 years’ experience) t...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• SDK

In safety-critical systems like nuclear power plants, the rapid and accurate perception of visual interface information is vital. This study investigates the relationship between visual attention dispersion measured via heatmap entropy (as a specific measure of gaze entropy) and response time during information search tasks. Sixteen participants viewed a prototype of an accident response support system and answered questions at three difficulty levels while their eye movements were tracked using Tobii Pro Glasses 2. Results showed a significant positive ...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2
• Tobii Pro Lab

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders without established biomarkers. Pupil Research diameter, regulated by the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system, and eye movements controlled by diverse brain regions exhibit specific patterns in patients with ADHD due to abnormal activity in these brain regions. Previous studies reported that patients with ADHD have larger Pupil Research diameters and reduced temporal complexity. However, although the temporal complexity of eye movements has...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro TX-300

Autism impacts at least 1 in 100 children worldwide, with about 90% experiencing sensory processing difficulties. Virtual Reality (VR), which can precisely deliver controlled sensory stimuli, has emerged as a promising tool for studying sensory experiences. However, VR systems using a head-mounted display may cause discomfort and exacerbate sensory challenges for autistic children. Screen-based VR could offer a viable alternative, but research on designing multimodal sensory delivery systems that simulate real-life experiences remains limited. As a resul...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X2-60 / X2-30

Background Children with ADHD are reported to have lower dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) levels compared to typically developing children. We exploratively investigated how blink rate and Pupil Research diameter, which are considered to be proxies for DA and NE signaling, were related to ADHD symptom severity. Moreover, we tested whether this relation is modulated by auditory white noise stimulation, which has been suggested as a non-pharmacological treatment for children with ADHD. Method We measured blink rate and Pupil Research diameter in 97 ch...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Spectrum
• SDK
• Open Source Presentation

BackgroundBullying research has traditionally relied on self‐reported measures such as questionnaires and interviews. Previous studies have shown developmental differences in attention mechanisms, with adults relying more on top‐down processing and younger individuals on bottom‐up attention. However, it remains unclear whether these differences extend to bullying scene observation and how they influence the perception of different bullying roles.AimsThis study examined differences in visual attention (total fixation duration, visit count, fixation count)...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X2-60 / X2-30
• SDK

Window displays are crucial in capturing consumer attention. However, the connection between how these displays guide attention and influence price perception remains underexplored. This study investigates how turning bias and product placement along the vertical axis (hereafter, vertical product placement) jointly guide attention and shape price perception, including under the influence of objective temporality, through eight experiments. Findings reveal that turning bias directs attention to specific vertical locations (Studies 1a–1d), wherein a clockw...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro X3-120
• Tobii Pro Studio

Integration between production data and processing data has generally been based on the combination between corpus-based measures and psycholinguistic experiments. The main limitation of this approach is that the sample of participants providing these two kinds of data will be different, thus entailing the impossibility of investigating how production and processing are related at the level of the individual. This is particularly true when it comes to a key component in second language development such as word combinations, which has attracted attention ...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• Tobii Pro Lab

Traditional neuropsychological tests still have limited diagnostic value for assessing adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as they often fail to fully capture ADHD symptoms in everyday life. Recent studies suggest that virtual reality (VR) has the potential to alleviate this problem by enabling the creation of more naturalistic and symptom-relevant test environments. Following prior research investigating VR as an assessment method for ADHD, the present study reports on a VR scenario that does not only entail a realistic environment bu...Mostrar más

• Tobii VR
• LSL
• SDK

Cross-subject emotion recognition is an important research direction in the fields of affective computing and brain-computer interfaces, aiming to identify the emotional states of different individuals through physiological signals such as functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalogram (EEG). Currently, most EEG-based emotion recognition datasets are unimodal or bimodal, which may overlook the emotional information reflected by other physiological signals of the subjects. In this paper, a multimodal dataset named Multimodal Emotio...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• ErgoLab

In recent years, Bionic reading has been introduced as a means to combat superficial reading and low comprehension rates. This paper investigates eye movements between participants who read a passage in standard font and an additional Bionic font passage. It was found that Bionic font does not significantly change eye movements when reading. Fixation durations, number of fixations and reading speeds were not significantly different between the two formats. Furthermore, fixations were spread throughout the word and not only on leading characters, even whe...Mostrar más

• Tobii Pro Spectrum