Eye Tracking Einblicke in Q4 2025 Lehrforschung

With the rapid advancement of virtual technologies, virtual field trip (VFT) has attracted increasing attention as an innovative pedagogical approach in contemporary education. However, empirical evidence on their effectiveness in promoting students’ competency development—particularly in the area of social-emotional competency (SEC)—remains scarce. To address this issue, this study employed a combination of self-report questionnaires and eye-tracking technology, using emotional scores and eye-movement data to investigate the effects of emotional engagem...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro Fusion

Deaf and Hard of Hearing students face persistent educational inequities due to sensory barriers in traditional pedagogy. Intelligent multimedia systems show potential for perceptual compensation but lack evidence-based frameworks. This study examines how multimodal integration in intelligent systems enhances learning through three dimensions: knowledge transfer efficiency, cognitive engagement, and ecological adaptability. A mixed-methods design was implemented with 132 DHH students (10–18 years) from three East China special education schools. The expe...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro Nano

ABSTRACT Background Relational spatial reasoning is foundational to later mathematical and navigational competencies, yet little is known about the strategic processes preschoolers employ when integrating relational information. Eye‐tracking offers a means to capture these processes, but evidence remains limited, particularly regarding how brief instructional interventions shape children's visual strategies. Aims This study examined whether a short, strategy‐focused instructional intervention enhances preschoolers’ relational spatial reasoning and wheth...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• Tobii Pro Studio

Although the use of representations is crucial for problem-solving in chemistry, students often encounter challenges when using them. Hence, various interventions have been designed to support students’ use of chemistry representations, which can motivate students to modify their visual behavior. However, to fully understand how these interventions affect students, it is crucial not only to understand how they are using representations but also to understand how and to what extent their visual behavior changes in response to these interventions. Since le...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro X3-120
• Tobii Pro Lab

Head pose estimation and eye gaze tracking are interrelated technologies used to comprehend and evaluate one's head orientation and eye movements. Head posture estimation and gaze tracking are often carried out simultaneously using specialized hardware and sophisticated software techniques. These technologies provide an in‐depth understanding of one's visual attention and engagement with their surroundings. It can be incorporated into online proctoring systems to monitor and analyze an examinee's head orientation and eye movements to detect potential mis...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro Spectrum

Abstract This study is part of a project presented at ECRICE 2024 to investigate problems with chemical mathematics. Research in chemistry education has repeatedly shown that students at school and university have problems applying their mathematical skills correctly in chemistry. As one possible trigger, we can identify the cognitive load that arises during chemical mathematical tasks. Elementary arithmetic tasks are of particular interest here, as these are rarely examined in the problems with chemical mathematics, although they build the basis of all ...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• Tobii Pro Lab

ChatGPT can be defined as a chatbot powered by OpenArtificial Intelligence's GPT language models, which has shown promise in improving English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) writing knowledge and skills. However, its application to developing EFL argumentative writing logic remains largely unexplored, despite the importance of this area. Moreover, existing studies have highlighted deep learner engagement with ChatGPT-based learning but have not examined how engagement varies between two key components of this learning method: GPT responses (GPT's messages t...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro X2-60 / X2-30

Boxplots are widely used in descriptive statistics but they are challenging to learn. Particularly the interpretation of the box area often leads to a systematic error, the area bias, when students assume a proportional relation between area and frequency, while the box area represents the interquartile range and thus a measure of variability. By analyzing eye-tracking data, research was able to identify systematic differences in gaze patterns depending on the assumed solution strategy that was used by an individual. While previous studies suggested—base...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro Spectrum

Virtual pedagogical agents (VPAs) are increasingly used in video lectures to simulate instructor presence, yet systematic research on their design features – anthropomorphism, content alignment, and role integration – remains limited. This study addresses this gap through two experiments with 248 university students, examining these factors during a lecture on the human immune system. Measured outcomes included attention (eye tracking), cognitive load, emotions, performance, and behavioral sequences, all of which were chosen to capture cognitive, affecti...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• Tobii Pro Lab

Understanding how novice programmers interact with block-based and text-based programming languages can help optimize instructional approaches and facilitate the transition between the two. This study investigated the coding comprehension and visual behavior patterns of 70 novice college students as they engaged in Scratch (block-based) and Python (text-based) programming tasks. Tobii 4C eye-trackers, the Real Gaze software, and the WEDA platform were utilized to record eye movements, compute eye-tracking metrics, generate heat maps, and conduct lag sequ...Mehr anzeigen

• SDK

The deep integration of virtual reality (VR) technology and education is driving structural changes in teaching paradigms. This study systematically explored the immersion mechanism and educational effects in VR gamification teaching scenarios through a mixed experimental design, and constructed a sample database comprising 720 participants. The research found that the technical threshold for imparting high-complexity knowledge requires a frame rate of ≥ 90FPS and a latency of ≤ 60ms, while creative tasks can achieve an operational accuracy rate of over ...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3

Eye-tracking technology provides an estimate of where a person is looking and is essential for understanding individual attention and the psychological functions within the cognitive system. It can aid in understanding neurodevelopmental disorders and tracing a person’s identity. However, this technology poses a significant privacy risk, as it captures sensitive information about individuals and increases the likelihood that their data can be traced back to them. This paper proposes a human-centered two-phased framework to prevent identity backtracking w...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro Nano

Using Advanced Learning Technologies (ALT) may facilitate the curriculum space needed to promote students’ thinking skills such as self-regulation of thinking, the use of metacognitive strategies, and monitoring learning behaviours. In addition, using integrated multi-channel eye-tracking, Education Data Mining techniques, and data fusion provides information about how each student deploys these strategies at the process level (rather than the results level) and at a level of detail that other techniques do not. The general objectives of this study were:...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro Fusion
• Tobii Pro Lab
• Shimmer GSR

As internet access expands, more older adults engage in online non-formal learning, and video-based learning has become one of their primary avenues to continue their education. Because participation is voluntary, understanding what sustains their willingness to continue is critical for lifelong-learning initiatives. This article aims both to clarify how task relevance and learning-related emotion shape older adults' continuance intention of video-based learning and to offer evidence-based guidance for educators and platform designers seeking to enhance ...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro Spectrum

Personalized generative Artificial Intelligence (GArtificial Intelligence) holds promise in supporting student creativity, though evidence regarding its effectiveness remains limited. This study employed a within-subject design to compare the effects of standard versus personalized GArtificial Intelligence on students’ creative performance, self-efficacy, and attention allocation. Each of the 62 students engaged in two creativity tasks: one with standard GArtificial Intelligence (ChatGPT-4) providing generic feedback, and the other with a personalized GA...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro Spectrum

Prior research has demonstrated that students’ performance on physics test items can be accurately predicted using machine learning algorithms based on their gaze behavior. These gaze data are typically recorded during item completion and capture students’ visual attention to both the verbal item stem and accompanying visual representations, such as graphs. This predictive capability highlights the potential of machine learning as a tool for the development of Artificial Intelligence-based adaptive learning systems, such as intelligent textbooks, for imp...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro Spark
• SDK

The present study examined children’s learning and transfer of a non-symbolic mathematical relation from displays of either rich, colorful, familiar objects or simple, generic objects. The results demonstrate that 5-year-old children who learned with rich displays were less able to transfer relational knowledge to displays involving novel objects than those who learned with simple displays. An examination of 5-year-olds’ eye gaze behaviour in a same/different judgment task suggests that images of rich objects result in less efficient behaviour than image...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120

In mathematics, and in learning mathematics, representations (texts, formulae, and figures) play a vital role. Eye-tracking is a promising approach for studying how representations are attended to in the context of mathematics learning. The focus of the research reported here is on the methodological and conceptual challenges that arise when analysing students' engagement with different kinds of representations using such data. The study critically examines some of these issues through a case study of three engineering students engaging with an instructi...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro Nano

How students utilize immediate tutoring feedback in programming education depends on various factors. Among them are the feedback quality, but also students’ engagement, i.e., their perception, interpretation, and use of feedback. However, there is limited research on how students engage with various types of tutoring feedback. For this reason, we developed a learning environment that provides students with Python programming tasks and various types of immediate, AI-generated tutoring feedback. The feedback is displayed within four components. Using a mi...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Tobii Pro Lab

Background: Childhood obesity and mental health problems are major public health concerns worldwide. Early-life exposure to green spaces has been shown to promote physical activity, reduce obesity risk, and improve cognitive and emotional development. Schoolyards offer a unique opportunity to promote health, as children spend a large proportion of their time at school. Methods: This quasi-experimental protocol study investigates the effects of transforming gray schoolyards into biodiverse green spaces on children’s health and well-being. Four primary sch...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro Nano

Classroom lighting influences both visual comfort and cognitive performance, yet its neurophysiological mechanisms remain underexplored in real-world educational environments. This study systematically compared typical daylight and artificial lighting to examine their effects on visual load, attentional regulation, and cortical activation during screen-based learning tasks. Experiments were conducted with forty-one university students in LED-equipped multimedia classrooms. Participants completed two cognitive tasks—2-back (numerical working memory) and S...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• ErgoLab

ABSTRACT This study presents the design and implementation of an educational assistive system tailored for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), leveraging eye‐tracking technology and machine learning algorithms. The objective is to support communication and learning experiences through ocular gaze and fixation‐based keyboard selection. An existing collection of scanpath images obtained from 15 children with ASD was utilized, and a customized heterogeneous dataset was developed by extracting fixation and gaze‐related features using machine lea...Mehr anzeigen

Educators need real time evidence of how students process pre class quiz items in flipped courses, not just whether answers are right or wrong. We examined whether two classroom feasible eye tracking metrics—fixation intensity (total dwell time) and regression rate (proportion of backward Saccade Researchs)—provide interpretable, item level signals of cognitive engagement once surface text features are taken into account. Thirty four undergraduates completed 320 analysable attempts on 55 multiple choice items coded by Bloom’s taxonomy while a 60 Hz track...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro Nano
• Tobii Pro Lab

In mcountries, the number line (NL) is an important tool in mathematics education to develop an understanding of numbers. However, students may have difficulties using the NL. To provide students showing NL difficulties with appropriate support, more research is needed on how these students interact with NLs. In this study, we investigated how three different groups of students located numbers on an NL: 20 fifth-grade students with general learning difficulties (LD) from a special school, and 60 fifth-grade students with mathematical learning difficultie...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro X3-120
• Tobii Pro Lab

The graph-as-picture error is prevalent when students are asked to match contextual graphs and realistic images. Previous research has not yet sufficiently revealed how and why this error emerges in students’ approaches. This paper presents an exploratory empirical study analyzing students’ approaches to matching a contextual graph and a realistic image in the racing car context, focusing on the characteristics of approaches that lead to the graph-as-picture error and those that do not. Using eye movement data and verbal utterances from 19 ninth graders,...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2

This study explored the possible influence of phonotactic and orthotactic probability on fast mapping in school-age children with and without a developmental disorder. Participants were exposed to pictures of novel objects paired with spoken and written novel words, which varied in phonotactic and orthotactic probability. Fast mapping was examined with gaze behavior (proportion of looking time) and accuracy (picture identification, orthographic identification, picture naming). Participants were highly accurate during picture identification and orthograph...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro X2-60 / X2-30

Teachers’ professional noticing, a key teaching competency, enables them to address critical moments with tailored strategies, yet research on mathematics teachers’ noticing during instruction remains limited. This case study employs mobile eye-tracking technology and retrospective interviews to examine differences in noticing skills between an expert and a novice mathematics teacher in authentic classroom settings, including their perception, interpretation, and decision-making processes. Both teachers taught two eighth-grade lessons while wearing Tobii...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2
• Tobii Pro Lab

Background: Green spaces have been identified as beneficial for children's mental health, as well as cognitive performance, however, less is known about the role of biodiversity within these environments. Here, we study the impact of greening schoolyards, especially with regard to biodiversity enrichment, on children's behavior, emotion recognition, cognitive performance and mental effort, and attentional bias, compared to observations in control schools.Methods: This study employs an interventional design, including two intervention and two control scho...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro Nano
• Tobii Pro Lab

Autism impacts at least 1 in 100 children worldwide, with about 90% experiencing sensory processing difficulties. Virtual Reality (VR), which can precisely deliver controlled sensory stimuli, has emerged as a promising tool for studying sensory experiences. However, VR systems using a head-mounted display may cause discomfort and exacerbate sensory challenges for autistic children. Screen-based VR could offer a viable alternative, but research on designing multimodal sensory delivery systems that simulate real-life experiences remains limited. As a resul...Mehr anzeigen

• Tobii Pro X2-60 / X2-30