Eye tracking sheds light on social anxiety

Studies show that people with social anxiety pay more attention to negative facial expressions. An eye tracking study confirmed this theory and revealed that training people to focus on positive stimuli can lead to a reduction in this bias.

Objective

The Anxiety Research and Treatment Clinic at the University of Miami used eye tracking to investigate the attention process of people with anxiety disorders. Information-processing biases have been thought to play an important role in the cause and maintenance of anxiety disorders, specifically in the way people notice the threatening aspects of their environment. The University of Miami research aimed to clarify the attention process of people with social anxiety to investigate whether biases disappear with attention modification programs.

The Anxiety Research and Treatment Clinic used a Tobii Pro eye tracker to observe where people with social anxiety focus while looking at threatening stimuli. Specifically, if they initially direct attention toward the threat (vs. s time progresses. By clarifying this process, researchers can investigate whether biases disappear with attention modification programs can alleviate other anxiety symptoms. The long-term goal is to reduce these biases and the individual's anxiety.

Method

Previous social anxiety studies used dot-probe tasks and eye tracking to show an attentional bias toward negative images. The Anxiety Research and Treatment Clinic wanted to train people to focus more on positive faces rather than neutral faces by using a modified dot-probe paradigm in which 80% of the probes were located under positive facial expressions. By contrast, probes appeared equally under positive and neutral emotional expressions for the control group. The idea was that if a person with social anxiety scans their surroundings to find faces with positive expressions, they will be less susceptible to making negative assumptions about their performance. Training sessions were about 20 minutes long and occurred eight times over a four-week period.

Conclusion

Eye tracking confirms attentional bias

As in previous studies, the research demonstrated that people with social anxiety pay more initial attention to faces expressing an emotional expression of disgust or anger as compared to neutral faces. This could be due to emotional expressions naturally capturing more attention than neutral expressions. However, after comparing the group with anxiety to the subjects without it, this bias was more pronounced in the group with social anxiety.

Training people to focus on positive stimuli led to a reduction in the bias of paying attention to threatening stimuli. Consequently, training people with social anxiety to focus on faces with a happy expression seems to influence how much attention they pay to negative stimuli. Subsequent future testing will show whether social anxiety symptoms were also reduced.

In addition to the findings on the positive effects of training, the researchers discovered a link between the amount of time paying attention to faces displaying an expression of disgust and the skin conductance response. Skin conductance is thought to be an indicator of the sympathetic nervous system in preparation for threat. This correlation was seen in both the subjects with and without anxiety. However, the magnitude of response was greater in people with social anxiety.

Related information

• The Anxiety Research and Treatment Clinic