Eye tracking insights in education research Q2 2024

Collaboration between instructors and practitioners is crucial for preparing the future workforce. By applying connectivism learning theory (CLT) and leveraging the affordances of information technology (IT) through Web 2.0, this paper introduces ConPEC, a web platform designed to bridge the gap between instructors and practitioners in the construction industry. This paper presents the design and user evaluation of ConPEC as guided by design principles and heuristics to ensure optimal usability and acceptance by end-users. Twenty (20) instructors in cons...Show more

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Teacher professional vision as a concept is gaining importance in research on teaching, and recently models for studying teacher professional vision and student self-regulated learning (SRL) have been proposed. There are interview and video intervention studies investigating teacher professional vision for SRL, but no real-life classroom research so far. This study investigated the role of student SRL behaviour, as it was reported by students themselves and teachers, in teacher attention distribution as part of teacher professional vision. Ten teachers a...Show more

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Perceptual learning theory suggests that perceptual grouping in mathematical expressions can direct students' attention toward specific parts of problems, thus impacting their mathematical reasoning. Using in‐lab eye tracking and a sample of 85 undergraduates from a STEM‐focused university, we investigated how higher‐order operator position (HOO; i.e., multiplication/division operators and the presence of superfluous brackets impacted students' time to first fixation to the HOO, response time, and percent of correct responses). Students solved order‐of‐o...Show more

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There are various styles to visually represent relational data in the form of node-link diagrams. In particular, for planar graphs we can find orthogonal node-link diagrams consisting of links bending only at ninety degrees a successful and prominent variant. One of the benefits of such drawings is the tracking of longer paths through a network with the eyes due to their limited number of link orientations, changes, and variations, but on the negative side the links can have arbitrary bending shapes. In this article we developed a novel way to visualize ...Show more

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Danmaku is increasingly used during online interactions - such as learner communication in online learning. As an emerging online interaction method, Danmaku not only enhances the viewer interaction experience, but also allows learners to achieve better learning outcomes. Therefore, this study used a 2 (Danmaku font size: large, small) × 2 (cognitive style: field-independent, field-dependent) between-participants design to investigate the effect of Danmaku font size on online learning through eye-tracking studies and to reveal the mechanism of the effect...Show more

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The aim of this research is to identify the difficulties of the students with Calculus tasks. This study is a qualitative analysis carried out using the eye-tracker tool. The data collected allowed us to study the differences and analogies between the experts and novices in their cognitive processes. The way of reading a text can provide a lot of information about cognitive and resolution processes. Through the eye tracker instrument, it is possible to observe the ability of the subject to switch between different registers of representation. Calculus ta...Show more

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For a sound understanding of biological diversity, it is not only important to identify species and recall their names, but to be able to distinguish between organisms based on a range of characteristic traits. However, whether flower or leaf characteristics are more important in identifying plant species and whether colour illustrations in identification books are more helpful than black and white ones is largely unexplored. With the help of a mobile eye-tracking device and pictures from two plant identification books, this study aimed to contribute to ...Show more

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Eye tracking technology in adaptive learning systems enhances diagnostic capabilities by providing valuable insights into cognitive processes. This information can be leveraged to identify and address difficulties. So far, there have been only few attempts of realizing this. Studies are usually only about recognizing correctness of answers and the evaluation is complex and difficult to transfer due to features depending on Areas of Interests (AOIs). We close this gap and present a time-dynamic approach to identify specific difficulties based on raw gaze ...Show more

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The recognition and distinction of typical interference and diffraction patterns are among the expected learning outcomes of studying wave optics. Previous studies have reported high school students difficulties with this task. In this study, we investigated university students ability to distinguish typical wave optics patterns obtained by the double slit, single slit, and diffraction grating. We also used eye tracking to obtain an insight into the distribution of students visual attention during the task. The results showed that university students had...Show more

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To engage with specialized subject content, students must develop adequate reading skills. In mathematics, this includes to integrate information from different semiotic resources. This study elucidates how differences in the structural connections between mathematical symbols and written language in mathematics texts can affect the reading process. With the help of eye-tracking techniques, we investigated differences in focus and navigation when 15-year-olds read task texts in two distinct designs: a traditional design with written language presented in...Show more

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Previous studies have designed educational methods to cultivate digital citizenship behavior and support the construction of knowledge. However, these methods have not well incorporated personalized feedback mechanisms for enhancing digital citizenship knowledge. Therefore, this study proposed an algorithm that combines concept-effect propagation, fuzzy logic, and decision tree methods to address this drawback and create a personalized, contextual gaming experience. This personalization ensures an engaging and contextually relevant learning experience, a...Show more

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This study investigated associations between quality of the teacher–student relationship (closeness and conflict) and teachers’ (N = 48) visual focus of attention in Grade 1 classrooms in fall and spring, and it explored to what extent students’ (N = 650) gender and task-avoidant behaviour moderated the associations. Results showed first that teacher–student closeness was positively associated with teachers’ visual focus of attention in the fall and spring, whereas teacher–student conflict was positively associated with teachers’ visual focus of attentio...Show more

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Pre-recorded lectures have become a prevalent approach in online education due to the proliferation of MOOC platforms and the COVID-19 pandemic. However, due to the lack of real-time interactions between instructors and learners, learners have encountered various difficulties in understanding the lectures and actively engaging with the learning materials. Therefore, various attempts have been made to aid learning by revealing the cues of the instructor, including countenance, digital pointer, and gaze, in video lectures. Nevertheless, the current body of...Show more

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This case study investigates the reading processes of two bilingual teachers who speak English as a second language and use different first languages—Mandarin Chinese and Korean. The two participants read researcher‐selected digital texts in English and in their respective first language, retold the texts, and answered comprehension questions about the texts. Their reading aloud and eye movements were recorded for miscue and eye movement analysis. Using Eye Movement Miscue Analysis, the findings showcase the distinctive characteristics of their first‐lan...Show more

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Design criticism plays a crucial role in fostering critical thinking and boosting creativity among design students, highlighting its significance in college design education. Engaging with design-related critical materials is a prevalent approach to strengthen design criticism. This study aims to investigate the eye movement strategies employed by both design and non-design students when reading critical materials, aiming to discern their impact on design criticism. A total of 26 product design students (male = 16, female = 10) and 26 non-design students...Show more

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