Eye tracking in training and assessment Q3 2025

Human movement relies on visual and proprioceptive inputs, and the movement can be hampered when either input provides limited or distorted information, as in robotic surgery, virtual reality, or spaceflight. This study examines how proprioception influences performance in aimed movement tasks under restricted and inverted visual conditions. An experiment with 24 participants showed slower movements and increased information processing demands with incompatible visual feedback. The difference was diminished when the proprioceptive variability was control...Show more

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• SDK

The quality and time of the machining process are highly affected by process planning, which determines process parameters such as the operation sequence and machining method. However, process planning remains largely dependent on the skills of operators. Thus, currently, skill transfer is an urgent challenge because the number of skilled operators capable of process planning is decreasing rapidly. In our previous study, skills were identified from interviews by obtaining gaze data of skilled operators when examining mechanical drawings of two different ...Show more

• Tobii Pro Nano

This study investigates how clinical experience shapes nurses’ visual cue-gathering during acute patient deterioration. Using wearable eye-trackers, expert and student nurses’ visual behaviors were analyzed across pre- and post-deterioration phases in a simulated patient care scenario. Expert nurses fixated more on clinically relevant areas and exhibited more focused, sequential gaze patterns. In contrast, student nurses displayed greater fixation variability and higher gaze transition entropy, indicating less efficient scanning and increased cognitive l...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2

This paper introduces the application of novel eyetracking metrics to assess visual attention and cognitive load in neonatal pain assessment. Our goal is to evaluate pediatrician experts, non-experts, and parents using the relative Explore- Exploit Ratio, along with the Task-Evoked Pupil Researchlary Response, while analyzing the frontal faces of distinct newborns before and after painful procedures. All the experiments were based on a benchmark image dataset considering clinically relevant areas of interest. The Tobii TX300 system was used to record the...Show more

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• Tobii Pro Studio

Virtual reality (VR) offers opportunities to train and assess visuomotor skills and Sports Performance & Movement Science in controlled, reproducible contexts, supporting innovation in research and training. However, VR imposes unique sensory demands that may disrupt movement coordination, task performance, and potential skill learning. This study used putting performance assessment and eye‐tracking to examine visuomotor coordination and performance in VR versus the real world, and whether effects varied by task expertise and athlete skill. Novice underg...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2
• Tobii VR

Eye tracking and EMG are novel measurement technologies that can be used to assess perceptual processes in sports under real-life conditions. The study was conducted on two groups of soccer goalkeepers (N = 60): Group A—expert goalkeepers (22.8 ± 2.15 years of age; training experience 12.77 ± 3.89 years); Group B—novice goalkeepers (15.70 ± 1.12 years of age; training experience 8.35 ± 2.68 years). Main findings: 1. The elite goalkeepers (Group A) focused most of their attention on only one main object (the foot of the opponent’s kicking leg) compared to...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2

The industry remains highly dependent on human labor and due to high turnover rates, supportive systems are necessary to maintain efficiency and quality. The basis of every process is the work instruction, but in mcases these instructions are overly complicated and contain excessive information, which can overwhelm operators. This research focuses on observing operators’ learning curve, particularly in terms of improvements in time and quality, and how they interpret and engage with the provided work instructions and abstractions of it. We aim to track h...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses

This study examines how visual attention evolves with performance and differs by learning rate in a simulated laparoscopic task. Eye-gaze data were collected from twenty-nine novices recruited to practice the peg transfer task in the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery program until reaching proficiency or completing six training sessions. Results suggested that participants increasingly directed their gaze toward future target locations as their completion time decreased. Participants who became proficient sooner exhibited earlier and more frequent use...Show more

• Tobii Pro Nano
• Tobii ClearView
• Tobii Pro Lab

AimThe study aimed to evaluate gaze behavior during tooth preparation assessments by analyzing and comparing eye-tracking metrics between novice and expert groups.MethodsThirty-five participants, divided into novices (n = 18, mean age = 22.9 ± 1.5 years) and experts (n = 17, mean age = 44.3 ± 13.1 years), were recruited for this observational study. The novice group consisted of third-year dental students, while the expert group comprised licensed dentists with an average of 18.9 ± 12.7 years of clinical experience. Eye-tracking metrics, including total ...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Tobii Pro Lab

This study investigated the gaze movements of first-person shooter (FPS) gamers in controlled and actual game environments. In Experiment 1, 16 middle-skilled and 16 high-skilled FPS gamers performed a task under controlled conditions (AimLab). As a result, high-skilled FPS gamers exhibited a faster reaction and narrow gaze distribution than middle-skilled, which represents superior performance and high attention. Furthermore, fast reaction was correlated with narrow gaze distribution, suggesting that narrow gaze distribution related to high attention wa...Show more

• Tobii Pro Lab
• Open Source Presentation

The article presents the results of research on improving construction safety using the eye tracking method. The analysis was carried out during training in the field of construction safety. Eye tracker allows for analysis of the way in which training participants process visual information and elements that attract their attention and the effectiveness of learning the principles of work safety. Eye tracking studies, in the aspect of construction safety, determine the effectiveness of training in this area. Moreover, the main advantage of such studies li...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses
• Tobii Pro Lab

High-risk incidents require responders to rapidly detect, sample, and interpret critical visual information. To understand how experience shapes these abilities, we used mobile eye-tracking to examine expertise-related differences in gaze behaviour of Authorised Firearms Officers during simulated tactical scenarios. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that the number, duration, and horizontal spread of fixations moderately discriminated between expert and novice officers, with experts tending to perform more, but shorter fixations that we...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2
• Tobii Pro Lab

BackgroundLaparoscopic techniques have revolutionized minimally invasive surgery (MIS) but remain visually and mentally demanding, especially in smaller operative sites (e.g., pediatric patients). Though traditional box trainers serve as the golden standard for laparoscopic simulation-based training (SBT), they are limited due to their lack of real-time feedback and objective assessments. Advancements in SBT using Visual Reality (VR) and Augmented/Mixed-Reality (AR/MR) can provide objective real-time evaluations. This study assessed the effects of mixed-...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Tobii Pro Lab