Eye tracking insights in education research Q2 2025

Artificial intelligence (AI) offers promising opportunities in providing educational feedback. However, AI agents often lack the nuanced, multimodal interactions of human teachers. Twenty-seven elementary school students participated in a 45-minute individual activity targeting integer arithmetic (e.g., “-2 + -3 = _”) to assess the comparative effectiveness of feedback provided by human teachers (n=15) and AI agents (n=12). Audio, video, and eye-tracking data were collected. Pre- to post-assessment scores revealed double the gains in the human condition....Show more

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Online videos are a potent tool for educators to disseminate knowledge widely to diverse student audiences. However, collecting student feedback remains a significant challenge for lecturers, particularly in the absence of feedback. Understanding students’ subjective comprehension levels during online video lectures with sensor technology is yet to be thoroughly researched. This study uses eye-tracking technology to predict self-reported comprehension levels during video lectures. We recruited 20 participants from Germany and Japan who were invited to wa...Show more

We used the eye-tracking method to observe students’ strategies when they read a text from a physics textbook supplemented by both pictures and questions. In this paper we focused on students’ interaction with pictures that can contain different amounts of information; information ranging from purely decorative pictures (no information) to being important for understanding the text (according to Pozzer and Roth, Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 40(10), 1089–1114, 2003). Thirty-three high school students participated in the study. We observed diff...Show more

• Tobii Pro TX-300

Given their embodied social nature, robots have the potential to facilitate educational processes. As childhood is an opportune age to introduce a new language, robots could be particularly useful in the area of second language (L2) learning for children. This study assessed whether a social robot could provide efficient teaching to young children and how social cues of joint attention (pointing and gazing) can influence L2 learning. 82 children participated in an experiment with the Nao robot telling a story in French, adding -or not- joint attention ge...Show more

• Tobii Pro X2-60 / X2-30
• Tobii Pro Studio

Learning by teaching is an increasingly popular strategy in educational videos, designed to foster active learning. However, the relationship between instructional behaviors and learners’ performance in this context remains underexplored. This study employed a combination of eye-tracking and screen recording techniques to examine how learners’ behaviors while preparing for teaching through video viewing and engaging in subsequent teaching are associated with their own learning performance. The participants were 100 undergraduate students (86 females and ...Show more

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The aim of this article is to design a Human Machine Interface (HMI) for a direct current (DC) motor toolkit. This toolkit is designed to teach the concepts of control engineering to undergraduate engineering students. The kit itself has been developed over the course of a decade by several refinements from in‐class engagement and feedback from several batches of undergraduate learners. The kit can be connected to a computer through a USB port and can be provided inputs through it. The key challenge is to design a suitable HMI to support the operation of...Show more

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• Tobii Pro Studio

The coherence principle suggests removing unnecessary—or seductive—content from educational texts to reduce cognitive load. However, the binary proposition that all seductive details should be excluded neglects images' potential to prime semantically related concepts, which makes texts easier to process. It was hypothesized that this priming would cause at least tangentially related images to enhance processing and recall of concepts. Participants learned 24 concepts under four conditions: direct depictions, tangentially related and unrelated images, and...Show more

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With the development of high-performance computers, cloud storage, and advanced sensors, people’s ability to gather complex learning data has greatly improved. However, analyzing these data remains a significant challenge. Especially for spatiotemporal learning data such as eye-tracking and mouse movement, understanding and analyzing these data to identify the learning insights behind them is a difficult task. We propose a visualization platform called “MultiScaleAnalyzer”, which employs hierarchical structure to illustrate spatiotemporal learning data i...Show more

• Tobii Pro X3-120
• Tobii Pro Studio

Background: Effort measurement is essential for adaptation to interactive learning technologies. Most contemporary technologies measure effort through the log data (reaction time and correctness). Some adaptive technologies use facial expressions and attention to adapt. Objectives: We present a novel, complementary, and multimodal definition of effort that can be used to adapt not only the content but also the interaction in learning technologies for children. Methods: We propose a 3D view of an effort measurement, that is, cognitive, physiological, an...Show more

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Writing explanations is widely recognized as an effective strategy to promote meaningful learning outcomes. However, most research focused on writing explanations for fictitious peers, with limited investigation into the benefits of writing for actual peers, particularly considering the influence of peer relationship closeness. To address this gap, the present study examined how explanation type (writing explanations vs. viewing explanations) and peer relationship closeness (close peer vs. distant peer) affect student’s perceived learning experience, att...Show more

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120