Eye tracking insights in human factors Q1 2024

Eye trackers are more and more often employed by scientists willing to learn more about how cultural heritage is perceived. However, designers very seldom make use of this technology, primarily perhaps due to its expensive and time-consuming nature. By choosing not to employ eye trackers they limit themselves to their own ideas and choices, at the same time forfeiting all the potential advantages of social consultations with non-professionals. One can easily imagine that their work and its effects would only benefit should a way be found to make eye-trac...Show more

• Tobii Pro X3-120
• Tobii Pro Lab

Humanoid robots have been extensively utilized in service industries to provide information and product delivery through direct interactions with users. As the design of humanoid robot appearance significantly impacts human-robot interactions, it is crucial to assess user preference towards it. Traditional evaluation tools, such as surveys, field observations, and interviews, are often time-consuming and subjective. Therefore, this study aims to develop a novel eye-tracking-based assessment tool to investigate user preference towards humanoid robot appea...Show more

• Tobii Pro X3-120

Decision making is a multi-stage process that involves a series of rational evaluations. Recently, bodily arousal has been identified as a factor that mediates individual decisions, particularly during partner selection. The current study investigates pupil size changes in response to facial images of the opposite sex from controlled eye-tracking data (Experiment 1) and by reading out signals from front-facing smartphone cameras in noisy environments (Experiment 2). The aim is to enable automated decision-making in dating apps using arousal-based informa...Show more

• Tobii Pro Nano
• Tobii Pro Lab

Nowadays, there is a worldwide demand to create new, simpler, and more intuitive methods for the manual programming of industrial robots. Gestures can allow the operator to interact with the robot more simply and naturally, as gestures are used in everyday life. The authors have developed and tested a gesture-based robot programming approach for part-handling applications. Compared to classic manual programming methods using jogging and lead-through, the gesture control method reduced wasted time by up to 70% and reduced the probability of operator error...Show more

Airport security screening is a visual inspection task comprising search and decision. Problem solving is used to support decision making. However, it is not well understood. This study investigated how airport security screeners employ problem solving during x-ray screening, and how strategies change with experience. Thirty-nine professional security screeners were observed performing x-ray screening in the field at an Australian International Airport. Video and eye-tracking data were collected and analysed to explore activity phases and problem-solving...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses
• Tobii Pro Studio
• Noldus

In conditional autonomous driving, drivers are prone to experiencing incidental emotions during non-driving tasks, which are unrelated to driving decisions but may have negative effects on drivers' takeover performance. Voice assistants have been shown to regulate incidental emotions. Therefore, this study endowed the in-vehicle assistant with emotional voice capability, matching the emotional state of the driver in conditional autonomous driving, in order to explore the effect of regulating incidental emotions. Forty participants were enrolled in a driv...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2

Evacuation and conducting emergency rescue operations in underground spaces pose substantial challenges. However, limited work has been done to investigate how evacuees’ heterogeneity influence the evacuation efficiency. In this study, we conducted virtual environment experiment and on-site experiment to analyze the physical behavior and attention distribution of evacuees with different risk preferences during route selections. A total of 30 participants were clustered into three groups: Risk Averter (RA), Risk Neuter (RN) and Risk Seeker (RS), based on ...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2
• Tobii Pro Lab

Despite recent advancements in monitoring brain activity, causal relationships within the brain during responsibility identification in construction contracts remain unexplored. We aimed to understand the neural mechanisms involved in the cognitive components and their interactions related to contract text reading by delving into the brain mechanisms of contract responsibility identification. This study investigated students’ brain connectivity using electroencephalography (EEG) data during a text-based contract responsibility-identification task. It emp...Show more

• Tobii Pro Lab

Warning signs are a critical defense against construction accidents; however, there’s a lack of study on the effectiveness of construction signs. Therefore, this research examines the effectiveness of signs on construction sites by considering variables such as noticeability and comprehension. Noticeability relates to the signs’ ability to attract attention, whereas comprehension refers to understanding them. In this study, comprehension is related to eye movement metric total fixation duration, while noticeability is related to visit count within an are...Show more

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120
• Tobii Pro Studio

Automaticity is a core attribute of skill that is achieved as the attentional requirement gradually diminishes as proficiency increases with practice or repeated execution of a task. Hence, it is a phenomenon that affects workers’ performance both positively (e.g., productivity) and negatively (e.g., accident involvement). Nevertheless, despite its significance, little is known about the effects of automaticity in the construction industry. To address this knowledge gap, this study used eye-tracking technology to examine the effects of automaticity on at...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2

Construction robots are a powerful driving force to enable intelligent processes in construction. User-friendly interfaces to support human-robot work collaboration are critical for increasing adoption of robots. Among different interfaces, eye gaze and hand gesture are effective and reliable interaction cues in the noisy construction environment. This paper proposes a novel context-aware method, which integrates eye tracking and gesture recognition for human-robot collaboration in construction. The proposed method employs a two-stream network architectu...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3

While incorporating novel technologies aims to facilitate the inclusion of the future construction industry, the empirical investigation of diverse workers’ performance is necessary to better understand the strategies to broaden their participation. The literature has rarely focused on inclusivity in terms of involving workers with various disabilities in the construction sector. Thus, this study aims to pioneer the discussion on inclusivity in construction by focusing on workers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A future bricklaying ...Show more

• Tobii VR

Given that the construction workforce is aging, managing their safety at jobsites has become increasingly crucial for the construction industry. While the effect of aging on situational awareness has been extensively discussed in various fields, no study empirically examined the impact of aging on construction workers’ hazard identification. Thus, this study utilized eye-tracking technologies to investigate the effects of aging on workers’ hazard identification performance and attentional distribution abilities. The results indicated that aging negativel...Show more

• Tobii Pro Lab
• Tobii VR

The visual perception of landscape spaces between residences in cold regions is important for public health. To compensate for the existing research ignoring the cold snow season’s influence, this study selected two types of outdoor landscape space environments in non-snow and snow seasons as research objects. An eye tracker combined with a semantic differential (SD) questionnaire was used to verify the feasibility of the application of virtual reality technology, screen out the gaze characteristics in the landscape space, and reveal the design factors r...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2
• Tobii VR

Existing methods for simulating human visual attention primarily focus on 2D displays and limited research has been conducted on predicting visual attention in three-dimensional (3D) light field content. 3D light field displays provide a heightened sense of stereoscopic realism to viewers. To ensure that the content of the 3D light field display appears more consistent with human visual characteristics, we proposed a novel method for predicting human eye fixation in 3D light field display images. Firstly, we collected real eye movement data and utilized ...Show more

• Tobii Pro Spectrum

Excellent tea packaging design wins customers and enhances branding. This report studies tea packaging design elements and gives designers constructive references to efficiently improve tea packaging design. The authors of this study first obtained consumers' perception of tea packaging through card sorting and semantic differential (SD). Second, the consumers' Kansei dimensions were extracted by Procrustes analysis (PA). Third, eye tracking technology thoroughly analysed the consumers' eye movement indexes. This technology analysed eye moment as the sub...Show more

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120
• Tobii Pro Studio

Facilitation robots and agents play a significant role in enhancing the engagement and harmony level during social interactions. However, it is difficult for these intelligent systems to understand human states without humans wearing dedicated sensing devices to measure EEG or ECG responses, thus making implementations in the wild challenging. Non-verbal cues such as body language, gaze interaction, and voice activity could provide promising solutions because they implicitly represent the internal states of humans. This study explores the correlation bet...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3

Technical advances in shared-space collaborative robotics have placed recent attention on trust in robots to ensure operator safety as well as to optimize human-robot interactions (HRI). Commonly measured using self-reports, our study explores if eye tracking or physiological indicators offer greater sensitivity in capturing dynamic trust during HRI. We investigated operators' trust dynamics (i.e., early and late trust build, breach, repair) across 2 different robot reliability levels (100% and 76% reliability). Trust ratings, fixation counts, and gaze t...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2

Wizard-of-Oz (WoZ) systems represent a widespread method in HRI research. While they are cost-effective, flexible and are often preferred over developing autonomous dialogs in experimental settings, they are typically tailored to specific use cases. In addition, WoZ systems are mainly used in lab studies that deviate from real world scenarios. Here, virtual reality (VR) can be used to immerse the user in a real world interaction scenario with robots. This article highlights the necessity for a modularized and customizable WoZ system, using the benefits o...Show more

• Tobii VR

During autonomous driving, the subjective cognition of scenario risks may lead to cognitive discomfort of occupants. This is a new concept of ride comfort for vehicles, which is being included in the performance evaluation of autonomous vehicles. The observation methods, generation mechanisms, prediction methods, and optimization methods of this cognitive discomfort remain to be explored. In order to quantify the risk cognition of passengers and evaluate cognitive comfort, this paper proposes a physiological representation method using overtaking scenari...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2

This article presents the results of an empirical study that aimed to investigate the influence of various types of audio (spatial and non-spatial) on the user quality of experience (QoE) of and visual attention in 360° videos. The study compared the head pose, eye gaze, pupil dilations, heart rate, and subjective responses of 73 users who watched ten 360° videos with different sound configurations. The configurations evaluated were no sound; non-spatial (stereo) audio; and two spatial sound conditions (first- and third-order ambisonics). The videos cove...Show more

• Tobii VR

In the field of in-vehicle interaction design, three concepts of dashboards were compared in terms of efficiency and distraction. The concepts were defined using three design processes differing in level of user involvement: User-Centered Design (UCD) and two different Participatory Design (PD) methods. In the industry, there is a trend towards more and more user involvement in design, yet there is a deficiency of empirical and rigorously substantiated evidence supporting this shift. Furthermore, certain advantages are universally associated with Partici...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2

Small multiples are a popular visualization method, displaying different views of a dataset using multiple frames, often with the same scale and axes. However, there is a need to address their potential constraints, especially in the context of human cognitive capacity limits. These limits dictate the maximum information our mind can process at once. We explore the issue of capacity limitation by testing competing theories that describe how the number of frames shown in a display, the scale of the frames, and time constraints impact user performance with...Show more

• Tobii Pro Spectrum

It is essential to establish a digital twin scene, which helps to depict the dynamically changing geographical environment accurately. Digital twins could improve the refined management level of intelligent tunnel construction; however, research on geographical twin models primarily focuses on modeling and visual description, which has low analysis efficiency. This paper proposes a knowledge-guided intelligent analysis method for the geometric deformation of tunnel excavation profile twins. Firstly, a dynamic data-driven knowledge graph of tunnel excavat...Show more

• Tobii Pro Spectrum

With the rapid development of automotive electronic technology, increasingly car enterprises choose to carry touchscreen in-vehicle infotainment systems (IVISs) in smart cars. The integration of navigation, music, telephone, and other functions into touchscreen IVISs has greatly enriched the driving experience. However, the design of touchscreen IVISs, which lacks consideration of driver human–computer interaction leads to increased driving distraction. The current discussion is limited to evaluating the overall distractions of the secondary task, and th...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Tobii Pro Lab

n this paper, an eye-tracking dataset of movie viewing in the immersive environment is developed, which contains 256 movie clips with 2K QHD resolution and corresponding movie genre labels from IMDb (Internet Movie Database). The dataset provides the audio-visual clues for studying the human visual attention when watching movie using a VR headset, by recording the eye movements using integrated eye tracker. To provide benchmarks for a saliency prediction for movie viewing in the immersive environment, fifteen computational models are evaluated on the dat...Show more

• Tobii VR

Developing real-time automatic intuitive devices based on electroencephalography (EEG) to improve hazard recognition performance (HRP) is essential in construction engineering management. However, existing studies generally developed devices based on unimodal data, failing to distinguish the role played by brain activities in different visual areas and ignoring the possible existence of other psychological mechanisms. Therefore, this study aims to use multimodal data based on brain-eye synergy to predict HRP and reveal the cognitive mechanism of hazard r...Show more

• Tobii Pro Lab
• Brain Products

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) for facial diagnostics is increasingly used in the genetics clinic to evaluate patients with potential genetic conditions. Current approaches focus on one type of AI called Deep Learning (DL). While DL- based facial diagnostic platforms have a high accuracy rate for many conditions, less is understood about how this technology assesses and classifies (categorizes) images, and how this compares to humans. To compare human and computer attention, we performed eye-tracking analyses of geneticist clinicians (n = 22) an...Show more

• Tobii Pro X3-120
• Tobii Pro Lab

This paper analyzed how different visual environments (i.e., normal, glare, dark, and dusty environments) affect construction equipment operators' struck-by hazards. To achieve this objective, an experiment using eye-tracking technology was conducted in screen-based virtual environments to measure and statistically analyze three types of data affecting struck-by hazards: (i) hazard detection abilities; (ii) eye-tracking data; and (iii) psychological responses. The results revealed that visual environments significantly influenced all types of data, parti...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3

We examined young individuals' physiological responses and subjective evaluations toward different signpost design schemes across various conditions. The experimental methodology consisted of physiological measurements and subjective assessments to quantify the young participants' physiological indicators and preference levels toward various signpost design schemes. The experimental results showed significant variations in eye movement indicators and preference levels among the participants across different experimental conditions. In contrast, no variat...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2

Gaze interaction in virtual reality (VR) offers promising advantages in speed and hands-free operation. However, selecting a suitable selection mechanism in VR interfaces with different visual encodings remains a challenge. This research compares two visual input techniques and explores specific visual elements, including field of view (FOV), design style, and number of targets, with the goal of alleviating these problems. The pilot study identifies two search stages, and it also demonstrates a significant effect of FOV on search time. In the formal expe...Show more

• Tobii VR

This study investigates the influence of human-machine interface (HMI) design on passenger trust in autonomous electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicles. An immersive simulator-based experiment was conducted with 34 participants, exposing them to four HMI conditions: baseline, movement, hazard detection, and full information condition. As related measures of passenger trust, we collected self-reported measures including trust, perceived safety, perceived reliability, and intention to use. In addition, physiological measures including gaze b...Show more

• Tobii VR

As a central functional aspect, the design of library reading spaces should consider users' perceptual experiences to optimize their psychological responses. However, the current literature lacks a rational analysis and definitive guidelines regarding the interior height design of reading rooms. This study focuses on physiological data supplemented by subjective evaluations to explore potential correlations between library reading space height and user perceptions. Specifically, we employed Virtual Reality (VR) to create four experimental scenarios, inve...Show more

• Tobii Pro Lab
• Tobii VR
• Shimmer GSR

Background: The goal of every medical team is to provide optimal care for their patients. We aimed to use video review (VR) sessions to identify and address areas for improvement in neonatal care. Methods: For nine months, neonatal procedures (stabilization at birth, intubations and sterile line insertions) were video recorded and reviewed with the neonatal care providers. Action research was used to identify and address areas for improvement which were categorized as (1) protocol/equipment adjustments, (2) input for research, (3) aspects of variety, or ...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses

Despite being purposefully designed and strategically placed in buildings to facilitate efficient evacuation, emergency exit doors are frequently underutilized during evacuations. To address this issue, this study explores why individuals often fail to use emergency exit doors during evacuations via a virtual reality and eye-tracking experimental study and investigates human emergency wayfinding behaviors through the lens of perceptions and attention. The results show that individuals’ attention to wayfinding clues is positively related to their exit cho...Show more

• Tobii VR

The scope of this project is achieving privacy by providing security, this process include training and authenticating genuine user at every login time we use a need to satisfy credentials this process include capturing and tracking human eye as an identification saving in the data base. This action includes automation by eliminating manual.

• Tobii Pro 1750 / 2150

Objective: To investigate the effects of anthropomorphism design on individuals’ comprehension of self-monitoring test results. In addition, we employed eye-tracking and event-related potential techniques to explore the underlying mechanisms. Materials and Methods: A within-group design was employed with presentation format (black-and-white neutral design, black-and-white anthropomorphic design, and colored anthropomorphic design) as independent variable. A total of 30 graduate students participated in an experiment in which they were instructed to perfo...Show more

• Tobii Pro Spectrum
• Psychopy

Visual characteristics have the potential to assess the navigational proficiency of ship pilots. A precise assessment of ship piloting competence is imperative to mitigate human errors in piloting. An exhaustive examination of cognitive capabilities plays a pivotal role in developing an enhanced and refined system for classifying, selecting, and training ship piloting proficiency. Insufficiency in situation awareness (SA), denoting the cognitive underpinning of hazardous behaviors among pilots, may lead to subpar performance in ship pilotage when faced w...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2

These datasets contain measures from multi-modal data sources. They include objective and subjective measures commonly used to determine cognitive states of workload, situational awareness, stress, and fatigue using data collection tools such as NASA-TLX, SART, eye tracking, EEG, Health Monitoring Watch, a survey to assess training, and a think-aloud situational awareness assessment following the SPAM methodology. Also, data from a simulation formaldehyde production plant based on the interaction of the participants in a controlled control room experimen...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Tobii Pro Lab

Lane-changing (LC) intention recognition models have seen limited real-world application due to a lack of research on two-lane two-way road environments. This study constructs a high-fidelity simulated two-lane two-way road to develop a Transformer model that accurately recognizes LC intention. We propose a novel LC labelling algorithm combining vehicle dynamics and eye-tracking (VEL) and compare it against traditional time window labelling (TWL). We find the LC recognition accuracy can be further improved when oncoming vehicle features are included in t...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Tobii Pro Lab

Traditional tunnel lighting luminance is obtained from the static observation experiments for an obstacle without consideration of the visual characteristics of human eyes in dynamic state. The visual performances of human eyes during vehicle moving are quite different from those in static condition. Therefore, the influence of vehicle speed on the visible distance of human eyes for an obstacle in tunnel interior zone was experimentally analyzed in this study. Then, the visible distance was compared with the stopping distance specified in the current lig...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3

With innovations in intelligent manufacturing technology and the enhancement of intelligent manufacturing systems, the quantity of information held and transmitted by interactive interfaces has increased significantly, which also increases the cognitive load on the operators. As a component of an interactive interface, the icon has the vital mission of communicating semantics. The eye-movement experiments were conducted to research the effects of visual representations of industrial icons on search performance. The results show that the visual search per...Show more

• Tobii Pro X3-120

Describe and compare the experiences and preferences of Deaf and hearing individuals with different levels of health literacy in accessing, interpreting, and acting upon online health information. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 17 Deaf and 10 hearing participants with high and low health literacy from three healthcare sites. We conducted thematic analysis of the transcripts to explore information navigation experiences, information sources and dissemination preferences. We found thematic differences between Deaf and hearing participants wit...Show more

Compared with traditional 2D images, omnidirectional images (also referred to as 360° images) have more complicated perceptual characteristics due to the particularities of imaging and display. How humans perceive omnidirectional images in an immersive environment and form the immersive quality of experience are important problems. Thus, it is crucial to measure the quality of omnidirectional images under different viewing conditions, which suffer from realistic distortions. In this paper, we build a large-scale subjective assessment database for omnidir...Show more

The level 3 autonomous driving function allows the driver to perform non-driving-related tasks such as watching movies or reading while the system manages the driving task. However, when a difficult situation arises, the driver is requested to return to the loop of control. This switching from driver to passenger then back to driver may modify the driving paradigm, potentially causing an out-of-the-loop state. We tested the hypothesis of a linear (progressive) impact of various autonomous driving durations: the longer the level 3 autonomous function is u...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2
• Tobii Pro Lab

The visual approach is the most accident-prone phase of a flight, especially in low-visibility conditions. This preliminary study aimed to examine the effects of flight experience on pilots’ decision-making and visual scanning pattern in low-visibility approaches. Twenty pilots were separated into two groups based on their flight experience and completed the high- and low-visibility approaches in balanced order using a high-fidelity flight simulator. Pilots’ mental workload and visual scanning patterns were recorded via an eye tracker. The results showed...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2
• Tobii Pro Lab

This study investigated the effects of nondriving-related task (NDRT) touchscreen location and NDRT difficulty level on the driver task performance, eye gaze behavior, and workload during SAE Level 3 conditionally automated driving. Two driver tasks were considered: a visuomanual NDRT and a take-over task.

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Tobii Pro Lab

Foveated rendering (FR) technology is designed to improve the efficiency of graphical rendering processes. In rendering, individualized approaches can help to balance users’ experiences of visual quality and saving computational resource. However, previous studies have not rigorously examined it related with the FR techniques. To address this issue, we developed an individualized FR (IFR) method using different central vision sizes and peripheral vision resolutions across individuals in virtual reality. In three user studies with 88 participants who were...Show more

• Tobii VR

The usage of smartphones holds paramount importance in enhancing the ability of elderly people to live independently. This research aims to explore the various scenarios in which Chinese elderly people employ smartphones for information input, and how input method and Chinese character complexity affect their information input process. To achieve this, we conducted semi-structured interviews to investigate typical situations where Chinese elderly individuals use smartphones to input information. Based on the survey results, we devised an experiment to as...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Tobii Pro Lab

Given the dynamic and complex nature of a construction jobsite, workers’ safety is significantly connected to both their ability to efficiently scan their surrounding environment and their ability to anticipate and identify potentially hazardous sources in a timely manner. However, existing studies have failed to consider the spatial-temporal characteristics of high-risk construction hazards as well as the limited training available for enhancing workers’ hazard anticipation. Accordingly, this study (1) examines the impact of dynamic hazards’ spatiotempo...Show more

• Tobii Pro Lab
• Tobii VR

The benefits of Pilates have been extensively researched for their impact on muscular, psychological, and cardiac health, as well as body composition, among other aspects. This study aims to investigate the influence of the Pilates method on the learning process, motor control, and neuromuscular trunk stabilization, specifically in both experienced and inexperienced practitioners. This semi-randomized controlled trial compares the level of experience among 36 Pilates practitioners in terms of motor control and learning of two Pilates-based skills: standi...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Qualisys

Use of mobile phones while crossing the road has become a growing safety concern among pedestrians. Though recently, some studies have attempted to understand risky behaviour of distracted pedestrians by analyzing impacts of distraction on pedestrians’ walking and visual characteristics, the impacts were measured individually. Moreover, most of the existing findings are based on lab-based experiments, whereas the real-world conditions are quite dynamic in nature. Hence, to overcome these gaps, the current study aims to understand to what extent different...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Tobii Pro Lab

Cyclists are at a higher risk of being involved in accidents. To this end, a safer environment for cyclists should be pursued so that they can feel safe while riding their bicycles. Focusing on safety risks that cyclists may face is the main key to preserving safe mobility, reducing accidents, and improving their level of safety during their travel. Identifying and assessing risk factors, as well as informing cyclists about them may lead to an efficient and integrated transportation system. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to introduce a risk i...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2

This study aimed to investigate drivers’ disengagement from nondriving related tasks (NDRT) during scheduled takeovers and to evaluate its impact on takeover performance.

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2

Engagement and emotion are critical components that significantly influence a reader’s experience during a reading task. Despite the crucial role of engagement and emotions in shaping our reading experience, accurately tracking these dynamic states during actual reading remains a significant challenge. This study bridges this gap by detecting engagement and emotion levels during a reading task by leveraging the power of state-of-the-art deep learning models and investigating the correlations between the engagement levels and emotions. An experiment was c...Show more

We present a study on continuously predicting the direction to a pointing target in virtual environments using motion and eye-tracker data throughout the pointing process. We first collect time series data for user motion and eye-tracker in a cursorless, single-target pointing task. Results from analyzing fixation points from different sensors and observing velocity profiles over the course of pointing provide insights into optimally configuring features for predicting the target angles. Following this analysis, we train a recurrent neural network that f...Show more

• Tobii VR

Intelligent vehicle (IV) technology has developed rapidly in recent years. However, achieving fully unmanned driving still presents numerous challenges, which means that human drivers will continue to play a vital role in vehicle operation for the foreseeable future. Human–machine shared driving, involving cooperation between a human driver and an automated driving system (AVS), has been widely regarded as a necessary stage for the development of IVs. Focusing on IV driving safety, this study proposed a human–machine shared lateral control strategy (HSLC...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2

This study employs sequence-network analysis to investigate the influence of instructing a standardized procedure on total-body skin examination (TBSE) performance. A between-subjects study was conducted with thirty-one participants comprising medical students and attending physicians. Among these participants, fifteen were randomly assigned to the uninstructed group and sixteen to the instructed group. The participants' gaze and field of view were recorded using eye tracking glasses while performing TBSE on a male and a female standardized patient. The ...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 3
• Tobii Pro Lab

Eye gaze serves as a primary indicator in identifying the human interest and attention for human-computer interaction (HCI) studies. Most of the eye tracking technologies uses either specialized hardware or requires large number of calibration images to provide accurate results. Although real-time eye tracking approaches are proposed in the literature, most of these approaches use eye attributes such as pupil center and eye-lid for gaze estimation. These features are not robust, sensitive to even minor illumination changes and varies from person-to-perso...Show more

• Tobii Pro X3-120

Efficient geovisualization is beneficial for understanding geospatial phenomena, an important research direction for GISers and Cartographers. However, the current research on geovisualization overemphasizes the visual effects while neglecting the prominent representation of crucial information and failing to consider the user’s cognitive workload of information processing. Following the laws of visual perception of the human eyes, this article proposes a visual attention-guided augmented representation approach of geographic scenes that involves area of...Show more

• Tobii Pro Nano
• Tobii Pro Lab

The campus landscape contributes a lot to students’ mental and physical health. Students’ emotional attachment to landscape space is an important scientific basis for landscape design. This study used immersive virtual reality eye tracking supported by HTC Vivo Pro and an emotional attachment scale to investigate the relationship between different landscape elements and students’ visual behavior and emotional attachment. ErgoLab and SPSS were used to analyze the indicators. The results showed that: (1) Artificial elements were more likely to attract stud...Show more

• Tobii VR

With the increasing levels of intelligence and automation, the relationship between humans and vehicles has evolved from a utilitarian perspective to a partnership. Among the crucial factors for enhancing user experiences are the analysis of driving tasks, the construction of user needs models, and the design of intelligent interfaces. Based on this background, this paper proposes a cognitive task analysis model using intelligent steering wheel information interaction design as the vehicle. The model aims to extract key design elements to assist designer...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2