Eye tracking insights in education research Q1 2025

Signaling can be used to guide learners’ attention to relevant details of instructional materials, and consequently can foster multimedia learning. We investigate how signaling, and highlighting specifically, are predictive of individual learning performance in short-term knowledge acquisition, mediated by cognitive load and visual attention employing biometrically using electroencephalog- raphy (EEG) and eye-tracking measures. We perform a two-level experiment on short-term knowledge acquisition within the context of an online course, with content-highl...Show more

• Tobii Pro X2-60 / X2-30

Background: The COVID pandemic exposed limitations in online learning platforms. This study explores Real-time Shared Gaze Visualizations (SGVs), which use eye-tracking data to restore non-verbal social cues and improve teacher-learner communication. We aim to: (1) identify gaze patterns linked to learning, (2) compare these patterns across visual augmentation conditions, and (3) examine their impact from a teaching perspective. Methods: We analyze eye-tracking data from 75 learners completing microcontroller-based tasks with instructor support. The acti...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2

Previous research has examined teacher attitudes toward student gender and teacher eye movements when looking at girls and boys in classrooms. However, to date, these two lines of research are rather separated. To better understand the co-occurrence of visual and attitudinal preferences, we investigated whether pre-service teachers’ attitudes are associated with their selective attention allocation toward girls and boys. Grounded in the cognitive theory of visual expertise, this multi-method study invited n = 105 pre-service teachers to watch a classroom...Show more

• Tobii Pro Nano

Background Individual differences in learning preferences and cognitive strategies play a crucial role in shaping academic outcomes, emphasizing the need to customize educational approaches to meet diverse learner needs. This study explores the relationship between gaze behavior, learning style and academic performance in 20 sophomore Turkish medical students. Methods Eye-tracking metrics, gaze duration, fixation count, fixation duration, and saccadic movements, were recorded using Tobii Pro Glasses 2 eye tracker during Trail Making, Visual Sustained At...Show more

• Tobii Pro Glasses 2
• Tobii Pro Lab

The immersive and interactive nature of panoramic video empowers learners with experiences that are infinitely close to the real environment and increases the use of imagination in learners’ knowledge acquisition. Studies have shown that embedding question feedback in traditional educational videos can effectively improve learning. However, little research has been conducted on embedding question feedback in panoramic videos to explore what types of question feedback effectively improve the dimensions of learners’ learning engagement and yield better lea...Show more

• Tobii VR

While the role of experience in teacher gaze has been widely studied, the role of pedagogical training remains underexplored, yet relevant in the higher education context where teachers might not have any pedagogical training. Utilising video clips of content- and learning-focused lecture situations, this triangulation mixed-method study explored the effects of a short pedagogical training on university teachers’ visual attention on the elements of teaching-learning situations, their numerical evaluations of these situations and their experiences of chan...Show more

• Tobii Pro TX-300
• Tobii Pro Studio

Often, eye-tracking researchers define areas of interest (AOIs) to analyze eye-tracking data. Although AOIs can be defined with systematic methods, researchers in organic chemistry education eye-tracking research often define them manually, as the semantic composition of the stimulus must be considered. Still, defining appropriate AOIs during data preparation is crucial, as it can impact AOI-based metrics─even to the extent of their significance. However, defining AOIs can be challenging when dealing with complex and dense stimuli, such as organic repres...Show more

• Tobii Pro X3-120
• Tobii Pro Lab

The purpose of this study was to investigate the materials supports, specifically the effects of genre (narrative and informational) and medium (print and video) on children’s developing knowledge of text. Following pretests, 127 preschoolers were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: informational text (print or screen), or narrative text (print or screen) about insects. Eye-tracking data was collected to measure children’s engagement with the text. After the viewing or reading, children were individually administered a series of comprehension ta...Show more

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120
• Tobii Pro Studio

This study investigates how cognitive and self-regulation factors impact online interview performance among college students with ADHD. With unemployment rates for individuals with disabilities significantly higher than the general population, understanding the unique challenges posed by AI-driven virtual interviews is critical. Forty-six students with ADHD completed a structured interview simulation using the Big Interview platform, coupled with eye-tracking data and cognitive assessments. Results reveal that higher-performing participants (Gold tier) d...Show more

• Tobii Pro Fusion

The goal of this study was to develop an educational video that emphasized taxonomic relationships as a means of supporting attention and learning for preschoolers. We used a design study method to iteratively design, develop, implement and evaluate a video. In each iteration we evaluated the success of the video based on children’s attention, as measured through eye-tracking, their recognition of target vocabulary words introduced in the video, and the relationship between attention and vocabulary recognition. In the first iteration we tested 56 childre...Show more

• Tobii Pro X60 / X120 / T60 / T120
• Tobii Pro Studio

Understanding fraction magnitudes is crucial for mathematical development but is challenging for many children. Visualizations, such as tape diagrams, are thought to leverage children’s early proportional reasoning skills. However, depending on children’s prior knowledge, these visualizations may encourage various strategies. Children with lower fraction knowledge might rely on counting, leading to natural number bias and low performance, whereas those with higher knowledge might rely on more efficient strategies based on magnitude. This study explores t...Show more

The advancement of AI-generated content (AIGC) has made creating pedagogical agents (PAs) for multimedia learning increasingly realistic, simpler, and more efficient. However, little is known about the acceptance of AI-generated pedagogical agents (AIPAs) in picture book videos among young children aged 3–6. To address this, the present study examines the effects of AIPA appearance and voice on children’s reading performance, using a 2 × 2 between-subjects design with varied combinations of real and AI-generated voices and appearances. Children learned f...Show more

• Tobii Pro Nano